Ethics, Integrity, And Aptitude

Answer : (a) Emotional intelligence: is the ability to identify and manage your own emotions and the emotions of others. It is generally said to include three skills:

1. Emotional awareness, including the ability to identify your own emotions and those of others;
2. The ability to harness emotions and apply them to tasks like thinking and problems solving
3. The ability to manage emotions, including the ability to regulate your own emotions and the ability to cheer up or calm down another person.

Example: Mr. X and Y works in an organization. They had a heated argument with their reporting authority over an issue. Only Mr. Y is an emotionally intelligent person. Both returned their home at the closing hour of the office. On returning to their homes Mr. X, who wasn't emotionally intelligent, started shouting at his children. This man acted based on his emotions without thinking what impact his emotions that are running out of control now would have on his children. So he didn't act in an emotionally intelligent way.

But Mr. Y when returned home and found his children making noise he just convinced himself. Look why should I shout at the children's, they shouldn't be blamed for my anger; they always make that loud noise while playing. The main reason behind my anger is heated argument with my reporting authority today and this is why I am feeling bad. So Mr. Y recognized his emotions, thought about them, then acted in an emotionally intelligent way. This way he maintain could maintain cordial relations with this children's and at the same time managed to kept his personal life different from professional life.

(b) Collusive Corruptions: It is a case in which there is a willing bribe-giver. This is supply side phenomena in corruption cases where in a person is willing to give bribe to get his work done. In this case officials from public sector undertakings join hands with the private sector; this is practice widely present in the Indian Business environment.

For example: Some Private companies in India willing to pay bribe to PSUs for availing the contracts of natural resources extractions and development.

(c) Benchmarking: It is a measurement of the quality of an organizations policies, products, programs, strategies, etc. and their comparison with standards requirements, or similar measurement of its peers. The objectives of benchmarking are:

1. To determine what and where improvements are called for,
2. To analyze how other organizations achieve their high performance levels, and
3. To use this information to improve performance.

For Example: A DM is going to implement policy on delivering food to school children's of up to primary level. This policy is designed by Central government. Now the central government outlines the requirement of delivering food i.e. its nutritional parameters, standard of hygiene etc. so these serve as benchmarks for the DM.

There are two kinds of values. One is Universal values which has the same worth for all, almost all, people. These are those values which are found across a great diversity of human cultures. Examples of universal values are peace, non-violence, freedom etc. It is in this reference we can describe work specific value system. These are these values which evolve as a requirement of a particular work and largely accepted by all the people related or associated with that work. For example values of a civil servant will be different from value system being followed by teaching fraternity. Civil servants in a people centric service have evolved a value system shaped through historical, social, and cultural forces at play in different parts of the world. Values such as integrity, dedication to public service, impartiality, political neutrality, anonymity are said to be the hallmarks of an efficient civil servant.

(d) Moral Quotient: We human beings are in some way guided by rules and morals. It is these morals and values that motivates or gives directions to follow a certain path or take a certain decision. MQ is different from IQ. IQ is a standardized tests designed to assess human intelligence, whereas MQ tests how ethical you are. For example you are a CEO of a company. You are required to launch a beverage product but in clinical trials you find it to be impacting human health adversely. So now comes the role your conscience (MQ) is going to play. If you go ahead with the product launch you will mint crores of rupees but at the cost of your fellow beings health. So in this case your MQ will guide your actions.

Answer : Following are the four basic human values.

1. Freedom
2. Creativity
3. Love
4. Wisdom

Many of the administrators like Sri. T.N. Seshan, E. Sreedharan, and very recently Durgashakti Nagpal have demonstrated these human values through their action. While discharging their duties each one of the above was free from personal bias, ego or greed for money or name and fame.

Everyone was a creative genius, Seshan created and delivered good Election mechanism, Sreedharan created excellent Metro system, Durga while taking with the Sand Mafia had strong love and commitment to the rule of law, and had the wisdom to take on the anti-social and anti-national elements.

Answer : Significance of 'freedom from' to 'freedom to'

• Freedom has two aspects; 'freedom from' and 'freedom to'
• Earlier it was a struggle for freedom from exploitive and oppressive feudal and religious orders, from imperialism, from caste and class hierarchies etc.
• Currently the struggle is freedom from gender discrimination, from economic exploitations, from environmental pollution, etc.
• 'Freedom to' gives the positive content to freedom, like freedom to think, to decide, to grow, to be creative, to be truly and fully human.
• This exploration gives a deeper level understanding of personhood and the nature of the true self of human being.

Answer : Acts and conducts which amount to 'Misconduct'.

1. Willful insubordination or disobedience.
2. Infidelity, unfaithfulness, dishonesty, etc.
3. Strike, picketing,
4. Gross moral misconduct.
5. Habitual late attendance.
6. Negligence or neglect of work or duty—
7. Conviction by a criminal Court
8. Employment of near relatives.
9. Taking part in politics and elections
10. Connections with press or other media
11. Criticism of government.
12. Receiving gifts, dowry, etc.
13. Private trade or employment.
14. Consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs.

Answer : Significance of maintaining absolute integrity.

Rule 3(1) of Central Civil Services (Conduct) Rules 1964 prescribes that 'Every Government Servant shall at all times maintain absolute integrity."

Integrity is uprightness, honesty or purity. Lack of integrity is termed as most important deficiency in a government servant, and courts have upheld dismissal from service in such cases.

Example: There was a conductor in Karnataka Road Transport Corporation. He misappropriated an amount of Rs. 360.00. The enquiry officer held him guilty and the disciplinary authority imposed the penalty of dismissal from service. The matter went up to the Supreme Court which confirmed the dismissal order and held that "The loss of confidence of the employer in the employee was the primary factor and not the amount of money misappropriated".

Answer : Rule 5 of the CCS (conduct) Rules 1964 prohibits Government Servant not to associate himself/herself with any political party or any organisation which takes part in politics. The conduct rule also prescribes that every government servant should endeavour to prevent any member of his family from taking part in politics. Canvassing or otherwise interference and influencing election system has also been prohibited.

In a democratic form of government, Integrity, discipline, and efficiency of the public service can be ensured only if they maintain perfect political neutrality. The law and the rules, therefore provide for keeping away the government servants from political activities. However, they have the right to vote.

The policy of the law is to keep government servants aloof from politics and also to protect them from being imposed on by those with influence. It has to be noted that civil servants act as umpires in election system. They can be effective only when they appear neutral, both in action and in appearance.

Answer : The government servants are free to take part in social, cultural and philanthropic activities but they have expressly been forbidden not to participate in activities of an organisation which could be regarded as political in character.

In the instant case the services of an officer were terminated on the ground that he had taken part in RSS and Jan Sangh activities prior to joining the government service. Civil Services Conduct Rules, 1964, applies on government servants who are in the service. It is not applicable on those activities that a person has performed before joining the service.

In the famous case of State of M.P. vs. Ramashanker Raghuvanshi, Supreme Court upheld the order of High Court which had quashed the termination order as it is violative of the article 311 of the Constitution. The apex court held that there was nothing wrong in having been a member of an association which was not even alleged to be devoted to subversive or illegal activities.

The Supreme Court wondered "Is Government Service such a heaven that only angels should seek entry into it? We do not have the slightest doubt that the whole business of seeking police reports, about the political faith, belief and association and the past political activity of a candidate for public employment is to check up whether the candidate was engaged in any subversive activities, which can be prejudicial to unity and integrity of the country."

Answer : Recommendations of Kumara Mangalam Birla Committee.

• Separation of executive and monitoring functions.
• Representation of non-executive directors.
• Constitution and empowerment of audit
• Committee and remuneration committees.
• An annual comprehensive report should be made available to the shareholders.
• Transparency and accountability in the function Compliance of legal and ethical standards by the company.

Case study: (Dr. Reddy's Laboratories)

• Fair representation of non-executive director in the company.
• Non-executive directors are professionals from corporate, academic and medical fields.
• Complete transparency and all information being made available to them regularly.
• Directors do not receive loans from company.
• The company is having high profitability records and shares profits with shareholders.

Answer : Some of the norms contained in the Preamble of the U.N. Charter were that states 'reaffirm' faith in the fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and 'practice tolerance and live together in peace'.

United Nations system reflected the Aristotelian Conception that the best Communities were those that shared Common virtues and ideals that enabled all of their members to flourish. The U.N. System also has a broad social contract dimension in that states agreed to cooperate, and afford each other the same treatment that they would expect for themselves.

Example: When Pakistan's irregulars attacked in J&K, Security Council intervened and brought out a ceasefire creating a line of control (LoC). Though Security Council could not persuade Pakistan to take back its army from PoK and also did not succeed in arranging self-determination, at least temporarily peace was restored.

Answer : No government servant can accept or permit any member of his family to accept any gift. Gift is permissible on occasions like weddings, anniversaries, funerals or religious functions when the making of gift is in conformity with the prevailing religious and social practice, a government servant accept gifts from his near relatives or from his personal friends having no official dealings with him, but shall take a report to the government if the value of such gifts exceeds Rs. 7000.00 n case of group 'A' officer.

A farewell entertainment of a substantially private and informal character may be held in honour of officers on the eve of retirement but costly gifts are not desirable. It has also been categorically made clear by Government that such symbolic gifts should only be presented by members of the staff.

Answer : The Penalties have been described in section 11 of the CCS (Classification, Control, and Appeal) Rules 1965, and have been put into two categories, Minor and Major.

1. Minor Penalties: Censure, withholding promotion, recovery, reduction to a lower stage in a time scale, with holding of increment etc.
2. Major Penalties: Reduction in rank, Compulsory retirement, removal from service, and dismissal.

No penalty has to be imposed without proper framing of charges, providing reasonable opportunity of being heard and holding enquiry in the manner mentioned in article 311 of the Constitution.

The experiences of the last 60 yrs. in disciplinary matters have been very disappointing. Inefficient, Corrupt and indiscipline officers take advantage of the process. There must be a time frame under which disciplinary proceedings should conclude.

Answer : There is a complex relationship between attitude and behaviour. Fishbein and Ajzen suggested that behaviour is primarily a function of intention to carryout particular act. These intentions are determined by following three factors.

1. The attitude towards a specific behaviour.
2. The subjective norm.
3. The perceived behavioural control.

Example: There is a civil servant who is very honest and wants to maintain his honesty at any cost (very high attitude towards a specific behaviour). He knows that his friends and colleagues know him as a very honest officer and appreciate him and he will always like to keep them satisfied (subjective norm for honesty is high). The civil servant knows that the habit of honesty is deeply ingrained in him and he would love to keep it intact (very high behavioural control). Hence his intention to behave will be always honest and it will be his actual behaviour.

Answer : Following are the five components of fundamental moral attitude.

1. Reverence: Reverence is the attitude which can be designated as the mother of all moral life, for it man first takes a position toward the world which opens his spiritual eyes and enables him to grasp values. The man possessing reverence approaches the world in a completely different way. He is free from this ego spasm, from pride and concupiscence. He does not fill the world with his own ego, but leaves to being the space which it needs in order to unfold itself. He understands the dignity and nobility of being as such, the value which it already possesses in its opposition to mere nothingness. Thus there is a value inherent in every stone, in a drop of water, in a blade of grass, precisely as being, as an entity which possesses its own being, which is such and not otherwise.
2. Faithfulness: Among the attitudes of man which are basic for his whole moral life, faithfulness is ranked next to reverence. Faithfulness is so essentially one with love, that everyone, at least as long as he loves, must consider his devotion an undying devotion. This holds good for every love, for parental and filial love, for friendship and for spousal love. The deeper a love, the more it is pervaded by fidelity. It is precisely in this faithfulness that we find the specific moral splendor, the chaste beauty of love. The especially touching element of love, as expressed so uniquely in Beethoven's "Fidelio," is essentially tied up with fidelity. The unalterable fidelity of a mother's love, the victorious faithfulness of a friend; possess a specific moral beauty which touches the man whose heart is opened to values. Faithfulness is at the heart of every true and deep love. It is imminent to its very nature.
3. Awareness of responsibility: Awareness of responsibility is an indispensable presupposition for any true moral life. By means of this basic attitude of awareness, everything in a man assumes its full importance, its true depth. But one should not confuse this awareness of responsibility with a feeling of moral self-importance or over-estimation of one's own role in the world. The responsible man must be completely inspired by the world of values and their demands; he must reverently harkens to that which is objectively right, good and beautiful; he must be inwardly free to follow always and everywhere the call of values. This awareness of responsibility has nothing to do with the excessive anxiety of scrupulous persons. The scrupulous man constantly scrutinizes what he is morally obliged to do; but this does not mean that his interest in values is an extraordinary one.
4. Veracity: Veracity is, like reverence, fidelity or constancy and the awareness of responsibility, a basis of our whole moral life. Like these other virtues, it bears a high value in itself, and like these are also indispensable as a basic presupposition of a personality in which genuine moral values may flower in their plenitude. This proves true in all the domains of life.
5. Goodness: Goodness, the breath and fragrance of love, is the essence of every truly moral life, yes, of every true life of the soul. Whereas the other fundamental attitudes, such as reverence, faithfulness, awareness of responsibility and veracity respond to the world of values as a whole, goodness not only responds to this world of values, but is, so to speak, the reflection of the whole world of values in the person. Goodness speaks in the voice and in the name of this world.

Answer : 'Conservatives' are the most supportive of the status quo and therefore reluctant to see it changed. Conservatives support the status quo not because they like it, but because they believe that it is the best that can be achieved in the present situation. However, they appreciate 'incremental' development in the whole system because of sustainability factor.

Manifesto will begin by mentioning various developmental initiatives undertaken by the political party while in power. These initiatives could be in the field of infrastructure like construction of roads, development of ports, railways, power sector, irrigation projects, etc. The manifesto will also cover in detail various steps undertaken to eradicate poverty and eliminate hunger.

Notable achievements of MGNREGA, NRHM, SSA, IAY, etc. will be mentioned. Manifesto will also cover the rise in food grain production and provision of Right to Food to the 80% of the population.

The political party will promise that if returned to power, the party will continue all these programmes. Some additional programmes will be taken in the field of elementary education, health and nutrition. Necessary steps will be taken to create more jobs for the unemployed. On the perusal of the manifesto it is evident that political party is happy with its past performance and promises only the incremental changes. This normally is the political attitude of conservatives.

Answer : Emotional Intelligence is the ability to interpret, understand and manage one's own and others emotions. The ability to be self-aware and then regulate one's own emotions is one of the features of emotional intelligence.

The emotions aroused dependent not so much on the events themselves, as on how they are perceived. Unless civil servants recognise the emotions of others, they cannot become empathetic. They come across hundreds of people daily. These people approach civil servants for redressal of their grievances. Unless bureaucrats understand the feelings and emotions of those who meet them, it is not possible for them to satisfy them and solve their problems.

For building a team, civil servants should understand the sentiments, feelings and emotions of their subordinates. Interpersonal skills could be developed and harnessed only with the help of emotional intelligence. Decision making process has become very complex now. It requires leadership qualities in civil servants so that they could overcome crisis, resolve conflicts and establish better interpersonal relations within the team. This can only be achieved through emotional intelligence.

Answer : The five-point parameter of Emotional Intelligence (Goleman Model) is as follows:

1. Being Self Aware: It is very essential to be self-aware about our emotions, otherwise we could become a victim of our own emotions.
2. Managing Emotions: At this stage without suppressing the emotions, goal should be to strike a balance.
3. Having Self-Motivation: By having proper emotional control, one should try to utilise the emotions for achieving a particular goal.
4. Recognising the Emotions of Others: It is very essential to recognise the emotions of others or those who come into contact. By doing so, one becomes caring.
5. Handling Relationship: By handling relationship properly, one becomes a leader and can handle big projects which involve multi stakeholder's interest.

Goleman's model is very significant for governance. It is being realised that civil servants lack sensitivity and compassion, especially towards weaker section of the society. This is because bureaucrats perform their work in a highly mechanised way. They do not care about the emotions and feelings of other stakeholders.

Answer : Empathy refers to the ability to imagine oneself in another's place and understand the other's feelings, desires, ideas and actions.

Compassion is the understanding or empathy for the suffering of others. Compassion involves a sense of empathy. Someone who is compassionate will have an active desire to alleviate another’s suffering. He will show kindness without expecting anything in return.

Example: A poor old lady approaches a civil servant who has authority to sanction old age pension to the needy. The lady was not able to express her problem properly, even then because of the element of 'empathy' in the civil servant, he could understand her problems, helplessness, etc. since the civil servant was compassionate enough, he undertook all the formalities like filling of application form, documentations, etc. and got her old-age pension sanctioned.

Answer : Civil Servants act under the ambit of law, rules, regulations, procedures, etc. laid down by appropriate legislature. Unfortunately, they think their responsibility ends only with application of laws. This we call the legal responsibility. Every law has also some purpose, normally which is written in the preamble. The moral responsibility comes from that portion of law.

Hence it is important for civil servants to look into both aspect of law i.e. letter and spirit. For example, if both flanks of city roads have been encroached by poor vendors, it is the legal responsibility of the civil servant to get them vacated but he is morally bound to provide them alternative place.

Answer : The block level Civil Servant is already aware that there is a programme for drinking water and sanitation under Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Mission and under Total Sanitation Campaign respectively. Both the schemes are being extended through Gram Panchayats under the existing arrangements. He is also fully aware that there is no shortage of funds under both the schemes. The Civil Servant will make an intensive survey of those localities that have been inhabited by poor people and make them aware about the two schemes and their importance. If needed he will raise the issues in local panchayat level and 'Gram Sabha' meetings; so, that the poor and needy get benefit of the schemes.

Answer : The Civil Servant is fully aware that MLA's always prefer those localities from where their major vote share comes from. He may not be much helpful in MLALAD Scheme, but will ensure that at the implementation level no partisanship could be done. In other schemes, he will personally ensure that state of affairs which are continuing since long, are rectified. Selections of schemes normally are done at 'Gram Sabha' level. He will ensure that in most of 'Gram Sabha' meeting, either he is personally present or is represented through one of his subordinates. In these meetings facts, figures, data will be presented to ensure that evenly distribution of developmental schemes takes place.

Answer : In order to minimize the number of requests for information, the Act indicates the general type of information’s which are proactively to be published by the public authority. The proactive disclosure requirement under Section 4(1)(b) of the Act came into force with the enactment of the Act on June 15, 2005. In any case a public authority has to comply with all the provisions of the Act within 120 days from its enactment.

The information which is to be shared by each public authority has been mentioned in 4(b) (i) to (xvii) i.e. 17 types of disclosures. It is also expected that each public authority shall update all the 17 records, facts, figures periodically. It is also required that each public authority shall publish all relevant facts while formulating important policies or announcing the decisions which affect public. In addition certain extra steps have to be taken by public authorities in accordance with provisions of Section 4(a).

Though the Act requires the public authorities to proactively disclose information, yet very few public authorities have done this. They are not regularly updating these information’s. Though Central Information Commission and State Information Commissions can recommend to Central Government and State Government respectively to direct Public authority to take necessary steps, However, Commissions on their own cannot penalise the public authorities in case of default.

Answer : 'Information' has been defined in Section 2(f) of the RTI Act, 2005. It includes opinions, advices, circulars, orders, etc. Hence PIO is duty bound to provide these to the applicants and failure to provide these within the stipulated period will invite penalty. Under RTI Act 2005, Section 2(j) Right to Information has been well defined which means the right to information accessible under this Act which is held by or under the control of any public authority and includes 'inspection of work'. Obviously during inspection of work the applicant can insist for taking Certified Samples of Materials which PIO is duty bound to provide (Section 2(j)).

Answer : Under Section 26(1) of the RTI Act 2005, it is expected that appropriate government (Both Central and State) may develop and organise educational programmes to advance the understanding of public, in particular disadvantaged community about the various rights contemplated under the Act. It will also encourage public authority to participate in the development and organisation of such programmes and undertake such programmes themselves. Thus it is both legal and moral responsibility of Public authorities to generate public awareness, especially for disadvantaged people, for the maximum use of the Act. It is a fact that even after the period of 8 years of existence of the Act, its full benefits have not reached to poor and marginalised people. Hence, if such opportunity is provided, one will take all possible steps for educating the poor and marginalised for the maximum application of the Act. This initiative includes, letting them success stories, organising work-shops, showing documentaries etc.

Answer : In coercive corruption the bribe giver is a victim of extortion. He is compelled to pay for a simple service, because if he does not pay the bribe money, he ends up losing much more than the bribe money. This apart he faces delays, harassment, uncertainty, loss of work, wages, etc.

There is another category of corruption i.e. 'Collusive Corruption', where both bribe giver and bribe taker together cheat the society and nation. It is a win-win situation for both bribe giver and taker. These are execution of substandard work, commission of procurements, especially defence procurements, tax evasion etc.

Section 19 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 provides that previous sanction of competent authority is necessary before a court takes a cognizance of the corruption related cases involving the public servants. The purpose was to ensure that honest public servants are not subjected to unnecessary litigation and harassment. It has now been felt that this particular clause is being used by competent authority to shield dishonest public servants.

There had been instances of inordinate delays while granting such sanctions. There are some valid grounds for delays or refusal of such sanctions. It has been found that sanctioning authorities are often summoned to provide evidence before the courts on the sanction they had given. A number of cases are discharged/ acquitted on the ground that the sanctioning authority had not applied its mind while giving the sanction.

It is now believed that public servants utilise the lacuna in the law. What is important is procedure for granting sanction need to be streamlined and made time bound. Proper delegation of power for granting such sanctions is urgently required. Prior sanction should not be necessary for prosecuting a public servant who has been trapped red-handed, or in cases of possessing assets disproportionate to the known sources of income.

Answer : Citizen Charter: Transport Department (Office of District Transport Office 'X' District) Following services will be provided by the Transport office in a time-bound manner:

1. Grant of New licenses for driving Two wheelers/4 wheelers/ and Transport vehicles.
2. Renewal/Duplicate issue of licenses for the aforesaid class of vehicles. The District Transport Office expresses its commitment to provide convenient, punctual, efficient, reliable grant of licenses to the applicants. The transport office has set out a deadline of 30 days regarding taking a decision on grant of licenses. For renewal/duplicate licenses, the deadline will be 10 days. The licenses will be granted by Assistant District Transport Officer. There will be a system of appeal before D.T.O. This can be preferred within one week of receipt of the order. A maximum time limit of 15 days has been fixed to decide upon the appeal. Every applicant will be given an identification number and the progress of his/her application can be checked up on the office website. A toll free helpline will also be introduced to help the applicant to know about the status of the application. After a period of six months evaluation of the work will be conducted through an independent evaluator and the services will be upgraded/ modified. The citizen's charter makes a time bound commitment with mechanism for grievance redressal. It is expected that it will improve the working of transport office and reduce corruption.

Answer : Doctrine of Double Effect: Human actions leave both good and bad effects. It is difficult to decide as to which action is good and which one is bad, however, there are certain principles which decide, whether the action is good or bad, like

• The good effect can be direct; it cannot come through bad effect.
• The intention or purpose of the action should be fair or good.
• There must be good cause for performing the action.
• The good effect proportionally should be more than the bad effect.

Example: A Police officer came to know that terrorists have planted a bomb with a timer at a busy market place. He does not have much time and using a temporary mike shout at the people to leave the place immediately and goes for detonating it by using indigenous techniques and in the process, the bomb explodes, killing himself and two other people and injuring 10 others.

Explanation: The action of the Police officer is ethical because he could save many lives. There was some collateral damage, but it is much less than the benefits of the action of police officer.

Answer : Kautilya recommended that Public servants who have power and authority should be under constant watch and scrutiny. He even recommended the use of spies against them. Kautilya had suggested the King that as a fish living in water cannot be believed that it has not touched and tasted the water, similarly civil servants having power and authority should not be taken for granted that they may not misuse it.

The views of Kautilya are still relevant, because with increased role of the State, the power, authority and responsibilities of the public servant has also increased many times. The integrity of public functionaries is always questionable. We have not created enough mechanism for bringing integrity in public services and the result is widespread corruption and lack of accountability.

Answer : One of the unique endowments of human beings is the internal urge to change things for the better. The field of activity is very wide. It covers every aspect of life. It can be in operation in the following three different fields

1. Intellectual Creativity
2. Artistic Creativity
3. Useful or Practical Creativity

A school going Seven year old Child can be persuaded both by parents and teachers to pen down very short stories or songs, which he/she remembers. The child could be provided with drawing-sheets and painting material to sketch and paint plants, birds, etc.

The child could be given some raw materials to make articles of his/her use. Initially the parents and teachers could help the child in performing these activities so as to generate interest in these creative functions.

Answer : Fazio's famous MODE model depicts how general attitudes affect evaluations of the attitude object.

Mode divides individuals into two groups, one with high intelligence and motivation and the other with low intellect and motivation.

The attitude can be activated in two ways; in a controlled or deliberative manner and in an automatic or spontaneous manner. Intelligent and motivated individuals process information deliberately whereas less intelligent and less motivated individuals process information spontaneously.

Individuals with favourable attitudes are likely to take into account and process the object's positive attributes; whereas individuals with unfavourable attitudes towards the object are likely to concentrate on its negative aspects. Thus, automatic or spontaneous activation takes place when attitudes are strong.

Answer : Since radicals want immediate change from the status quo, they do not want to wait and watch. Hence the radical party if brought to power might take following steps to eliminate corruption in a time bound manner.

It might bring new laws to fight out corruption like summary trial of corruption related cases in a maximum time limit one year.

The party in power may bring sweeping changes in judicial system and in investigation of corruption related cases so as to secure maximum convictions in Corruption Cases.

The new government may bring sweeping reforms in the electoral system so as to prevent criminal/corrupt elements from entering into political system.

Systemic reforms and Bureaucratic reforms may come on the top of the Agenda of the new government. Article 311 may be deleted and a time limit may be fixed for the completion of disciplinary matters.

Poverty alleviation programmes and other programmes like elementary education, PDS may come on the priority and anti-Corruption measures may become important for the new government.

Answer : Empathy is the most important factor of emotional intelligence. It is a virtue which enables a Civil Servant to know and address the problem of the poor, deprived and the vulnerable section of the population.

An emotional intelligent Civil Servant is moved by the pain of others. Empathy also leads him to higher principles of conduct and justice. In a particular situation, an emotionally intelligent Civil Servant puts him in the place of others and views things from their perspective.

Civil Servants have to attend and foster the needs of those working with them. Empathy is essential for performing this task.

On the contrary a non-emotional civil servant may not properly perceive and understand his own emotions and emotions of others. They work in a highly mechanised manner. This category of civil servants cannot be empathetic, hence may not succeed in his/ her career.

Answer : During the period of crisis it is very important to understand the emotions of the people who are affected by the crisis. For a civil servant, crisis management is the litmus test of his/her ability. Only that person can effectively manage the crisis that can be empathetic. For managing crisis properly, one requires a professional team and the team leader can succeed only if he/ she is emotionally intelligent.

Answer : This is the ability to accurately assess our feelings at any given time and to take decisions according to our preferences. Another dimension of self-awareness consists in making a realistic assessment of our capabilities and acquiring an adequate degree of self-confidence. Self-awareness is very important for a civil servant because through self-awareness only, one understands his strength and weakness. An emotionally intelligent person not only correctly and accurately is self-aware, but he exercise his options based upon his self-awareness.

Answer : It is also a very important aspect of emotional intelligence. Motivation involves relying on our strongest preferences to guide and move us towards our cherished goals. It strengthens and encourages our drives towards self-improvement and makes us strong even when faced with heavy odds and grim prospects.

Motivation energizes us and when we motivate others, they also get energised and are ready to face the tough problems of organisation.

Answer : It is also a very good component of emotional intelligence. It is very significant because civil servants always lead a team. The pulls and pressures of the organization sometimes demoralize the team.

At this stage it becomes the duty of the team leader and head of the organization to take appropriate steps to raise the morale of teammates. It is also very important for every member of the team to take steps for raising his/her morale

Answer : Socrates held that no one knowingly does what is bad. This view is known as moral intellectualism. It means that only knowledge is needed to make all men virtuous.

Socrates thought that men desire what is virtuous or good for them. If they desire bad things or act wrongly, it is due to their ignorance. In this conception, virtue is knowledge and ensures good action. Further virtue is sufficient for happiness. Modern state has emerged after many centuries. During this long period, moral thinking also went through many turns and twists. However, moral teaching of Socrates still holds good. The rigorous analysis of moral ideas which Socrates pioneered is a procedure which modern philosophers still follow.

Answer : Gandhi advocated that evil should be tackled by means of non-violence. One should hate the evil deed but not its perpetrator. The argument behind this belief is that men are the children of the same God and that attacking even a single individual is an attack on the whole of the humanity.

Gandhi traces all social, political and economic problems to violence. According to Gandhi nonviolence holds the key to the solution of these problems. Naxalism is a cause when every right thinking person will appreciate. However, when violence takes place, the cause goes in the background and the violence of the Naxalites is met with the violence of the state. In the process the cause is not only forgotten, but various counter arguments come up against Naxalism. To achieve economic justice, social justice etc. through violent means cannot be justified as per Gandhian ideology. Peaceful non-cooperation, demonstration etc. can achieve better results.

Answer : Right mindfulness refers to cognitive processes through which we understand things. Our cognitive processes act on the bare impressions and interpret those using concepts and our earlier experiences. Lord Buddha has recommended four foundations of mindfulness.

1. Contemplation of the body
2. Contemplation of feelings (repulsive, attractive or neutral)
3. Contemplation of the state of mind.
4. Contemplation of the phenomena.

Buddhists try to achieve right concentration through practicing meditation. This leads to a mental state without passions, to self-control and tranquility.

Modern concept of 'emotional intelligence' also recommends controlling passions and emotions i.e. to exercise emotional self-restraint.

Answer : Main pillar of professional ethics is the striving for excellence. True professionals feel exhilarated when they find the optimal solution to a tricky problem. They are fired more by the impulse to excel, to perform maximally, than to seek maximum personal gain out of a professional transaction. Nursing is not only a profession, it is also a vocation. Those who join nursing, also remember-

1. The Obligation to give primacy to the public interest which is the very essence of professionalism.
2. As a professional Nurse, they dedicate their professional knowledge and skill for the betterment of human welfare.

A Nurse working in a hospital where small kids are receiving medical treatment will-

• Ensure that she is not only a nurse but also mother of the kids.
• Have compassion and love for the children. Facilitate to safeguard rights of the kids and confidence of the parents and will be diligent in caring for the sick kids.
• Ensure very polite and soft behaviour to sick kids.
• Feel pleasure and privilege to serve small kids.

Answer : Public interest may be defined as the net benefits derived for, and procedural rigor employed on behalf of, all society in relation to any action, decision or policy.

According to the statement it is important to emphasize on the procedures and not the end results. That is to say, whatever the outcome is, every individual must get equal share in the process to defend his or her interests. For example, in court cases every person has the right to get justice. And in order to get justice he/she must get the fair chance to be heard and represent itself. If this is done than it doesn't matter whether this individual gets favorable or non-favorable judgment.

Additional Material

What are the "Interests" of the Public?

In the broadest respect, "interests" are all things valued by individuals and by society. These include rights and entitlements (including property rights), access to government, economic freedoms, and political power. Interests are things we seek to acquire and control; they may also be ideals we aspire to, and protections from things that are harmful or disadvantageous to us. The accountancy profession helps realize certain interests of society, many of which are economic in nature and related to the efficient management of resources. These interests include:

• Increased economic certainty in the marketplace and throughout the financial infrastructure (e.g., banking, insurance, investment firms, etc.);
• Sound, decision-useful financial and non-financial reporting for stakeholders, investors, and all parties in the marketplace (directly or indirectly) impacted by such reporting;
• A high degree of comparability of financial and non-financial reporting and auditing across different jurisdictions;
• Sound and transparent financial and non-financial information and decision making on the part of governments and public sector organizations to their constituents;
• Sound corporate governance and performance management in private and public sector organizations; and
• Increased efficiency (i.e., less costly) and/or the minimization of natural resource depletion in the production of goods and services, thereby enhancing the welfare of society by their greater availability and accessibility.

Answer : Although parents are center point in inculcating values in the child, but schools, social institutions, civic organizations, etc. too gives shapes to the values of a child. In addition to these, the techno-economic nature of present society is also influencing values by adding dimensions. It has been a century of great achievements in scientific and technological sectors as well as in social, economic and cultural sectors.

• Education can contribute immensely to a culture of peace, cohesion and collaboration.
• Social cohesion, adherence to moral and ethical values and commitment to the society have been the hallmarks of socio-cultural ethos.
• Education sector: religious and moral education.
• Recent techno-economic environment is developing scientific temper that provides rationality and lead to logical interpretation of various issues, occurrences and situations. Learning must lead to social cohesion, spirit of cooperation and willingness to work in a group. It could also lead to inculcation of desire to work with others.

Answer : Public Service is a way by which aspiration of the people can be fulfilled. In any Country, Governance and its outcome is an essential component for its peaceful existence.

So for the properly implementation of the governance policy and delivery of services, certain values are important which can be helpful in the public services. These values are:

1. Honesty
2. Integrity (towards Post)
3. Loyalty (toward the State)
4. Impartiality (towards the People)
5. Transparency (in the Process)

For example (in the context of India)

A public servant who is working as a DM in a district and the State want to implement a program "Housing for all" in the whole state and as a DM you also received the fund for the implementation of that program in your district. But due to some reason you discriminate the people on the ground of their caste and religion and favoring a particular community. So here importance of ethical value will rise. Because of your attitude people may feel alienated and maybe it triggers the cause of revolt. So in this situation 'unity and peace' of the state may be affected.

In the above example, the integrity, impartiality and loyalty of the public servant will be in doubt. All these value work as a guiding principle for the civil servants in public service.

Answer : With the adoption of new technology the need of ethics arises to sustain the proper growth and to minimize the risk of wrong uses. Following are the issues involved in information technology ethics:

• Control over the piracy
• Safeguarding of private information (piracy)
• Hacking
• Misguided information
• Stealing of information
• Plagiarism and Netiquettes (a set of rules to follow while you are online)

Answer : Ethics in HRM indicates the treatment of employees with ordinary decency and distributive justice. The ethical organization contributes to the organizational goals as the employees will feel motivated and they will work with efficiency and effectiveness. Ethics in HRM basically deals with the affirmative moral obligations of the employer towards employees to maintain equality and equity justice. Areas of HRM ethics are:

• Basic human rights, civil and employment fight
• Safety in the work place
• Privacy
• Justifiable treatment to employees (equity and equal opportunity);
• Respect, fairness and honesty based process in the workplace.

Answer : TQM is a management philosophy that seeks to integrate all organizational functions (marketing, finance, design, engineering, and production, customer service, etc.) to focus on meeting customer needs and organizational objectives. TQM views an organization as a collection of processes. It maintains that organizations must strive to continuously improve these processes by incorporating the knowledge and experiences of workers. The simple objective of TQM is "Do the right things, right the first time, every time." TQM is infinitely variable and adaptable. Although originally applied to manufacturing operations, and for a number of years only used in that area, TQM is now becoming recognized as a generic management tool, just as applicable in service and public sector organizations. There are a number of evolutionary strands, with different sectors creating their own versions from the common ancestor. TQM is the foundation for activities, which include:

• Commitment by senior management and all employees
• Meeting customer requirements
• Reducing development cycle times
• Improvement teams
• Reducing product and service costs
• Systems to facilitate improvement
• Employee involvement and empowerment
• Recognition and celebration
• Challenging quantified goals and benchmarking
• Focus on processes/improvement plans

Answer : Tolerance is the appreciation of diversity and the ability to live and let others live. It is the ability to exercise a fair and objective attitude towards those whose opinions, practices, religion, nationality and so on differ from one's own. As experts note, "tolerance is not just agreeing with one another or remaining indifferent in the face of injustice, but rather showing respect for the essential humanity in every person.

Intolerance is the failure to appreciate and respect the practices, opinions and beliefs of another group. For instance, there is a high degree of intolerance between Israeli Jews and Palestinians who are at odds over issues of identity, security, self-determination, statehood, the rights of return for refugees, the status of Jerusalem, and many other issues. The result is continuing inter-group violence.

Answer : The idea of the outcomes justice is that the fairness of process depends on the procedure producing correct outcomes. For example, if the procedure is a criminal trial, then the correct outcome would be conviction of the guilty and exonerating the innocent. If the procedure were a legislative process, then the procedure would be fair to the extent that it produced good legislation and unfair to the extent that it produced bad legislation.

This has many limitations. Principally, if two procedures produced equivalent outcomes, then they are equally just according to this idea of justice. However, as the next two sections explain, there are other features about a procedure that make it just or unjust. For example, many would argue that a benevolent dictatorship is not (as) just as a democratic state (even if they have similar outcomes).

Answer : Privatizations, contracting out and competition contributes to a loss of public trust and confidence in public leaders and political representatives. Another issue arises that how can trust and integrity be integrated into privatized functions. The real issue is that the public sector sole purpose is to serve the public and now when they are assuming role guided purely by profit-making, it raises serious doubts in the mind of the citizens. Other risks associated with these tools are:

• Conflict of interest between the roles of public services or businessmen
• Changing orientation from public services to profit motives

Benefits associated with these tools:

• Competition will lead to judicious utilization of resources
• Privatization will bring these enterprises to the scrutiny of the public will lead to the improvement of governance structure, etc.
• Contracting out reduces the cost and thus makes the products available at cheaper costs thus containing inflation and saving people's money.

Answer : A senior official in the governmental organization is like an ideal of the lower officials. The hierarchical structure of the officials from lower to upper strata maintains the coherent structure of organization. An upper official by this structure guides the behaviour and work culture of junior officials and maintain discipline in the organization.

Following values of public service may be shaped or guided by the hierarchical position from the bottom to top or vice versa.

1. Punctuality
2. Honesty
3. Service Delivery
4. Social and Political Obligations
5. Line of Command

Position of the official defines the importance of that particular post and its role in the public service delivery system. This post guides the behaviour and inculcates some ethical and moral values, which required for the redressal of duty of that chair. So if any official who does not possess those values then by the compulsion or by the freewill, he/she needs to possess those values.

We can say that performance level and dedication towards the public service is somewhat determine by the position or hierarchy.

Answer : Qualities of a good work ethic are:

• Reliability: Reliability goes hand in hand with a good work ethic. If individuals with a good work ethic say they are going to attend a work function or arrive at a certain time, they do, as they value punctuality. Individuals with a strong work ethic often want to appear dependable, showing their employers that they are workers to whom they can turn. Because of this, they put effort into portraying -- and proving -- this dependability by being reliable and performing consistently
• Dedication: Those with a good work ethic are dedicated to their jobs and will do anything they can to ensure that they perform well. Often this dedication leads them to change jobs less frequently, as they become committed to the positions in which they work and are not eager to abandon these posts. They also often put in extra hours beyond what is expected, making it easy for their employers to see that they are workers who go beyond the rest of the workforce and truly dedicate themselves to their positions.
• Productivity: Because they work at a consistently fast pace, individuals with a good work ethic are often highly productive. They commonly get large amounts of work done more quickly than others who lack their work ethic, as they don't quit until they've completed the tasks with which they were presented. This high level of productivity is also due, at least in part, to the fact that these individuals want to appear to be strong workers. The more productive they are, the more beneficial to the company they appear to those managing them.
• Cooperation: Cooperative work can be highly beneficial in the work environment, something that individuals with a strong work ethic know well. Because they recognize the usefulness of cooperative practices -- such as teamwork -- they often put an extensive amount of effort into working well with others. These individuals commonly respect their bosses enough to work with any individuals with whom they are paired in a productive and polite manner, even if they do not enjoy working with the individuals in question.
• Character: Those with a good work ethic often also possess generally strong character. This means they are self-disciplined, pushing themselves to complete work tasks instead of requiring others to intervene. They are also often very honest and trustworthy, as they view these traits as befitting the high-quality employees they seek to become. To demonstrate their strong character, these workers embody these positive traits daily, likely distinguishing themselves from the rest.

From this, it logically follows that qualities of good work are the qualities of good character. Some of the qualities of good character are: benevolence, compassion, contentment, decisiveness, dependability, determination, punctuality, loyalty, cooperation and tolerance, etc.

Answer : For the past few decades, India's economy has not grown as fast as it could, or as fast as China's. Much of this is because of the economic policies of the government and the fact that India shied away from a manufacturing-based economy for a long time, instead focusing on a white-collar services sector. That type of problem is caused by the red tapism because it raised the unnecessary rules and regulations that affected the economic growth.

Recently the Central government has shown his commitment this issue of red tapism. But here main concern is why the red tape activities had developed in India, because without solving that issues or concern we cannot overcome the issues of red tapism in the country.

The main reasons of growth of red tapism in India are:

1. Regressive Economic policy of government
2. Closed Economy
3. Socialist pattern of Development
4. Lack of Transparency

Government had continued to follow the Socialist approach for development and its main focus was development of poor and rural people and its ignorance towards the Industrial sector and regressive economic policies had led to so called "License, Permit and Inspector Raj". So without solving that all issues the dream of abolition of red tapism may not achieved.

Answer : This is a quote of Gandhiji. It basically means that when something awful is done by someone, they deserve to have the same thing done to them. For example, if someone has caused a dent on your car then you also do the same thing and it will be fair. But Gandhiji did not believe in it and quoted that "an eye for an eye makes the whole world blind" meaning if we keep punishing those we deem cruel then we're no better than the bad guys ourselves. It's the whole "you can't solve violence with violence" spiel.

Answer : Civil services contribution to Rule /procedures/laws is to provide informed direction at many levels and to confer practical and social meaning on policy. As for Response, the Civil Servants fulfill the electorate's assumption that the ballot box can effect change, and at the same time promotes direct citizen input and augments a capacity for constructive dialogue and civic vitality. These contributions to both aspects of governance transcend the separation of politics and administration and provide a more realistic understanding of the bureau's role.

The ethical attributes of the good bureaucrat-strict adherence to procedure, acceptance of sub- and super ordination, esprit de corps, abnegation of personal moral enthusiasms, commitment to the purposes of the office-are to be seen as a positive moral achievement requiring the mastery of definite ethical techniques and routines- declaring one's 'personal' interest, developing appropriate professional relations with one's colleagues, subordinating one's 'self' to the dictates of procedural decision-making-through which individuals come to acquire the disposition and ability to conduct themselves according to the ethos of bureaucratic office.

Following are the foundational values of civil services:

• Integrity
• Impartiality and non-partisanship
• Objectivity
• Dedication to public services
• Empathy, tolerance and compassion towards weaker sections

Answer : With the arrival of the digital age, it has become much harder to remain in control of one's intellectual property. Intellectual property has grown from the need to protect one's new invention, such as soap, to the need to protect a slogan or a color. In other words, intellectual property rights no longer protect solely the interest of preserving a trade secret; it is now the interest to preserve one's monetary gain.

Utilitarianism: IPR restricts this approach by restricting the information to few only.

Rights ethics and duty ethics: Rights and duties are reciprocal concepts. Where there is a right to be left alone, others have a duty to leave you alone. In cases where there is a right that others not do something, that is called a negative right. While many believe in strictly rights concerning liberty, such as Libertarians, others believe that people have at least a right to have basic needs met, such as Socialists. One can simultaneously have liberty rights and welfare rights, such as having the freedom of speech and to Medicaid. On one hand, liberty is preserved by allowing people the freedom to create without the fear of someone stealing your invention. On the other hand, once something is copyrighted or patented, people are no longer free to create it.

Virtue ethics: Virtue ethics is a moral framework within which if you act according to the virtues of character (i.e. wisdom, prudence, righteousness, etc.) and for the right reasons, you are a good person. Consequences are less important in this framework because despite doing one's best, fate often intervenes and disturbs one's plans Intellectual property, in terms of rights of copyright holders, is not necessarily a meaningful concept as it relates to virtue. If one creates a product in order to make a living that is a necessary means to the end of being a virtuous person.

Answer : Ethics in corporate governance is related to the following:

• Bringing the interests of shareholders and investors to the forefront
• Linking the company's governance mechanisms to society's conception of corporate accountability
• Commitment to values, ethical business conduct and strictly observing the distinction between personal and corporate funds
• Promoting fairness, transparency and accountability in company policies
• Observing principles of corporate social responsibility.

• Moral attitude: Reverence, faithfulness, awareness of responsibility, veracity, goodness are some of the moral attitudes.
• Political attitudes: Political attitudes can be defined as relatively stable views either favorable or unfavorable, which individuals or groups have about events, movements, policies and issues in the public sphere

Answer : Empathy is the experience of understanding another person's condition from their perspective. You place yourself in their shoes and feel what they are feeling. Empathy is known to increase pro-social (helping) behaviors.

Answer : Following are the three dimensions of ethics:

1. Meta-ethics, concerning the theoretical meaning and reference of moral propositions, and how their truth values (if any) can be determined.
2. Normative ethics, concerning the practical means of determining a moral course of action.
3. Applied ethics, concerning what a person is obligated (or permitted) to do in a specific situation or a particular domain of action.

Answer : The phrase "power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely" was first coined by the British historian Lord Acton.

Many plans, strategies and movements have been devised and run to contain this menace of corruption but it still persists. The ruling elite have the power to do anything at their whims and fancies, and when such a power is enjoyed unrestrained and unchecked then it leads to corruption. Corruption does not means only monetary corruptions but also means favoritism, nepotism, etc. To discourage such practices it is necessary to have accountability mechanisms.

There is layers/hierarchy in the administration which is run by an authority. Now if the authority concentrates all the power in her hand and the lower ranks do not have any say in the decision making owing to lack of power, then there is likelihood that they feel neglected and remained unchecked. It may encourage them to be corrupt and promote corruption.

So, decentralization/devolution of power is necessary to hold person responsible for his acts and to contain the corrupt practices. It is in this context it is said that" absolute power corrupts absolutely and lack of absolute power corrupts absolutely as well".

Answer : Ethical issues in Marketing

• Deceptive advertising
• Anti-competitive practices
• Pricing ethics: such as predatory pricing
• Ethical issues in Finance
• Reporting inflated income
• Falsifying documents
• Questionable deductions: that is claiming deductions that are fake to save tax
• Illegally evading income taxes
• Engaging in frauds

Importance for civil servants: one of the mandates of civil servants in any departments would be to protect the treasury of the government, protect the consumers/ stakeholders and the public at large. Once she is aware of all these practices she can easily detect them.

Answer : Ecological Sensitivity (area)

"An ecological sensitive area (ESA) is a bio-climatic unit (as demarcated by entire landscapes) in the landscape wherein human impacts have locally caused irreversible changes in the structure of biological communities (as evident in number/ composition of species and their relative abundances) and their natural habitats"

Answer : Hints: Approach: First give the definition of attitude and aptitude, then choose one between the two and justify it.

An attitude is a tendency of likeness or dislikeness towards an object or a person. An attitude may be positive or negative. Positive attitude may yield favorable results and vice-versa for negative attitudes. A person having positive attitude towards his job or an organization may contribute their best to the organization. There are three components of attitude First is cognitive that deals with beliefs, thoughts and attributes that we associate with an object. Second is affective that deals with emotions or feelings linked to an attitude object and third is behavioral that refers to a tendency or a predisposition to act in a certain manner. Further there are many theories supported by empirical analysis that identifies what lead to formation and maintenance of ethics.

Aptitude is a component of a competency to do a certain kind of work at a certain level, which can also be considered as talent. The dictionary meaning of Aptitude is a natural ability or skill. Aptitudes are unlearned abilities-gut-level and non-conscious ways of operating. Aptitudes have a major impact not just on performance, but on our individual and unique state of beings. But the strong talents does not equal high performance having the right natural skill or talent provides a head start and ongoing advantage. They are not very useful without knowledge and motivation. Aptitude has to be trained in order to be used well. Peak performance occurs when one has the right combination of talents, knowledge motivation, opportunity, courage, luck tools and the X factors.

About two dozen different and independent aptitudes are pretty well know, with another couple dozen possible and probable. These talents are simple things: types of memory, ways of processing information, and levels of perception. They are building blocks for more complex ways of operating. They operate in a systemic way and are important factors in long-term performance and behavior.

Choice between the Two

1. Attitude: because it can increase the performance level and thus good results for the team as well as the organization. Secondly, it may change over a period of time as projected by different attitude formation models. In such a scenario it will be difficult to restore it to its earlier position and also it will be resource consuming and a mammoth task. Lastly a person with an appropriate attitude may not have sound aptitude which cannot be built from scratch as it is innate in nature.
2. Aptitude: because it is a natural ability and may grow exponentially under adequate training and motivation. Also if a person with strong aptitude is chose than the required attitude can be develop abut vice versa is not possible.

Answer : Spirituality means something different to everyone. For some, it's about participating in organized religion: going to church, synagogue, a mosque, and so on. For others, it's more personal: Some people get in touch with their spiritual side through private prayer, yoga, meditation, quiet reflection, or even long walks.

Research shows that even skeptics can't stifle the sense that there is something greater than the concrete world we see. As the brain processes sensory experiences, we naturally look for patterns, and then seek out meaning in those patterns. And the phenomenon known as "cognitive dissonance" shows that once we believe in something, we will try to explain away anything that conflicts with it.

Spirituality develops a sense of self-esteem in the people when they connect with their consciousness and realize the truth of superiority of human life. It makes them ethical and compassionate towards the misery of others. They have a more complete knowledge about the truth and reality as they gain another dimension of analysis. Thus, they emerge as better human beings. Spirituality develops the attitude of a person positive towards life and makes him mentally resilient. He is able to control his negative emotions through a conscious use of mind and find good in everything he sees.

Loving families, supportive peer group and guidance in school can nurture this. In adolescence when people are prone to substance abuse, depression, violence, etc., imparting spirituality can undo these tendencies. Spiritual development is as important as intellectual, physical and social development.

Answer : Hints: Values are component of behaviour that guides, determines or form them. Individuals lives under different circumstances and follows different professions. So in a course of time they embrace different values. But as we know there are certain values which are found everywhere across the cultural diversity and still there are values specific to a work. Universal values are peace, freedom, humanity, etc. and specific value are unique to the requirement and acceptance of different professions such as Doctors treat each and every patient with the same zeal and without any differentiation on the basis of economic or social status. But, military personnel embraces the values of nationalism i.e. for them their nationals are supreme, and even if in the course of discharging their duties they treat other nation's citizen differently and unevenly then their action is justified on ethical grounds, but consider a doctor following the applying the same value of nationalism while treating her patient then it will be ethically wrong. So this way we can say that not any value is for the benefit of the individual.

Answer : Hints: Ethics and biodiversity are interconnected. The relations between ethics and biodiversity can be simplified to mean a relation between actions of human beings and their impact on all other life forms. Values are the center point of all human actions; these can take the understanding of human beings far away from simply economic value attached with the exploitations biodiversity resources to a broader, deeper and richer understanding of biodiversity.

Environmental ethics has a fundamental question that is "why should we conserve biodiversity? What is the source of the value of biodiversity, human, intrinsic or both?,". The ethical aspect of biodiversity is complex in nature due to multifaceted conceptual nature of biodiversity, and secondly due to the varying thought on the value of and the rights of life for non-human beings.

Anthropocentrism: It holds that human beings are the central or most significant entities in the world. It regards human as separate from and superior to nature and holds that human life has intrinsic value while the other entities (including animals, plants, mineral resources, and so on) are resources that may justifiably be exploited for the benefit of humankind.

Some environmental ethicists have suggested that it is possible to value the environment without discarding anthropocentrism. Sometimes called prudential or enlightened anthropocentrism, this view holds that humans do have ethical obligations toward the environment, but they can be justified in terms of obligations toward other humans. For instance, environmental pollution can be seen as immoral because it negatively affects the lives of other people, such as those sickened by the air pollution from a factory. Similarly, the wasteful use of natural resources is viewed as immoral because it deprives future generations of those resources. In the 1970s, theologian and philosopher Holmes Rolston III added a religious clause to this viewpoint and argued that humans have a moral duty to protect biodiversity because failure to do so would show disrespect to God's creation.

Biocentrism: It is an ethical perspective holding that all life deserves equal moral consideration or has equal moral standing. Although elements of biocentrism can be found in several religious traditions, it was not until the late decades of the 20th century that philosophical ethics in the Western tradition addressed the topic in a systematic manner.

As environmental issues such as nuclear waste disposal, human population growth, and resource depletion came to the fore, many ethicists argued that moral standing should be extended to include future generations of human beings. The animal welfare and animal rights movement argued for an extension of moral standing to at least some animals, and arguments followed to extend moral standing to plants and then to such ecological wholes as ecosystems, wilderness areas, species, and populations.

Bio-centric ethics argues that the only non-arbitrary ground for assigning moral standing is life itself and thus extends the boundary of moral standing about as far as it can go. All living beings, simply by virtue of being alive, have moral standing and deserve moral consideration.

Answer : Hints: Approach: The question is in reference to SC judgment in the 2G scam case. And also this question can be solved by referring to the concept of sustainable development.

The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) report on coal block allocations tabled in Parliament last month forces us to raise an important question: who is the real owner of India's natural resources and how should their use be determined?

This question had already been posed to the Supreme Court by the petitioners in the 2G spectrum case. In its weighty verdict, the court pointed out that "no comprehensive legislation has been enacted to generally define natural resources and a framework for their protection." It was precisely this situation that prompted the court to attempt a definition of natural resources and principles governing their use. But, after examining various international conventions and customary international law, common law and national constitutions, it came to the rather unfortunate conclusion that:

1. the state is the legal owner of the natural resources as a trustee of the people, and
2. auction is the best method for alienating natural resources.

This conclusion contradicted the court's own observation that "it [the ownership regime relating to natural resources in international law] rests upon the concept of sovereignty and seeks to respect the principle of permanent sovereignty (of peoples and nations) over (their) natural resources…"

Monopolies as Beneficiaries

The Supreme Court declared that the state will act as the trustee of the people in alienating natural resources but no attempt was made to examine whether the people have really given the state the right to act as their trustee. Time and again the Central government has not acted in good faith as the trustee of the Indian people. Whether it is in the allocation of telecom spectrum, or the allotment of oil and coal blocks, or the acquiring of land for "public purpose," the ultimate beneficiaries have been only a handful of monopolies.

If the state does not act like a trustee, does it matter whether resource allocations are done on a first-come-first served basis or by auction? It is not very difficult for powerful monopolies to collude, and to pass on the additional cost of competitive bidding to consumers through increased tariffs, as the response of telecom monopolies to the proposed auction of spectrum confirms. It is common knowledge that a small number of monopolies control the lion's share of the market in these sectors. Assocham's assertion that "If the (coal) blocks were auctioned, they would have pushed up the sale price of these basic industries, crucial to the entire economic value-chain" - only corroborates this argument.

Existing Indian legislation on natural resources is premised on the colonial concept of Eminent Domain - which gives the state unrestrained power to use the natural resources of the people as it deems fit. The people are just helpless spectators. Unless this alienation of the people from their wealth without consent is set right, it does not really matter which method is used to allocate natural resources to profit-hungry monopolies - the nomination method or the auction method.

Constitutional Flaw

A major flaw in our Constitution is that it does not recognise the right of peoples, tribal communities and collectives to the natural resources in their territories. Instead, Central institutions have supreme power to award licenses to extract major minerals and other natural resources. In the absence of the right to have a say in the disposal of what lies on or below their land, local communities who oppose the plunder of their natural resources in Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Assam and other States are called "extremist" or "secessionist" and their struggles put down brutally.

The observation of the Court that there is no comprehensive legislation on the use of natural resources, leave alone control mechanisms for the people, should be seriously addressed by the Central government. Instead of coming to quick and misguided conclusions on the method of alienation of natural resources, it should generate a wide public debate to determine the contours of a comprehensive legislation that ensures the right of people over their natural resources.

Answer : Hints: Living life to its fullest requires experiencing and enjoying the full range of human emotions. Emotions are strong feelings or a mental state that arises spontaneously rather than through conscious efforts. There are many events and situations in life that provoke emotional reactivity, some of which feels great and others not so much. For example your friend says that you are smart and you have a strong feeling as a result. Your boss gives you a promotion and you feel recognized. Your sister ignores your birthday and you feel hurt and disregarded.

Emotional reactivity, on the other hand, means you have an uncontrollable reaction to a stimulus. Instead of being able to respond to an event, your emotions may spring forth with intensity. Emotional reactivity often takes you out of your comfort zone and you might even feel victimized by your intense feelings. After all, they could spring up at any moment and leave you feeling helpless to them.

Although it is correct that emotions emerge as a reaction to a stimulus but it is not necessarily the case always. For example when your friend called you smart then his feelings for you were original in first place, it is only after you heard him that you became reactive. Therefore emotions are not necessarily reactive always.

Answer : Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive emotions, to assess and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual growth. In simple words, emotional intelligence refers to attributes such as understanding one's feelings, empathy for others, and the regulation of emotions to enhance one's life.

Civil services are the foundational stones of governance system of any country. Today civil servants work in an environment that is behest with numerous problems, challenges, and even contradictions such as increased number of masses as well as existence of significant number of voiceless and marginalized poor, issues getting politicized very quickly, all pervasive and increased cynicism, increased tendency on part of the people to resort to agitation and aggression etc. thus the work of the civil servants is becoming much more complex, demanding and even hostile a times. Given these situations civil servants cannot perform much because all their energies are exhausted in sheer survival. Herein lays the role of emotional intelligence. The emotionally intelligent civil servants can achieve a lot if they are professionally competent. Thus emotionally strengthened civil servants will definitely contribute to the cause of good governance.

Answer : Hints: It is the prime responsibility of the state to ensure service delivery to the public. Other mechanisms which help state in public service delivery are: NGO's, vibrant civil society, corporate engagements wherever possible etc. yes innovation in public delivery system is required.

Answer : Hints: For completion of any project ethics plays important role for gaining the support of the project team. Ethics are defined as moral values, beliefs, and rule that one upholds in their life on the job and personally to ensure right or wrong. There are a number of different components of managing a project. While conducting project management, profit and staff motivation are often paramount. However, a project manager must also remember his obligation to be an ethical, responsible employer and citizen. Some of the ethical situations that one may face in the duration of project management could be the admission of wrongdoing, focus of blame and hard choices regarding contracts

Admission of Wrongdoing: Sometimes it is difficult for people to admit that they have done something wrong. This is especially true for a project manager, who may be responsible for a large project and for overseeing a staff. However, ethically, if the project manager is at fault for the unsuccessful venture of project completion, then that project manager must be able to admit this wrong. Not admitting wrongdoing can greatly damage the team relationship. The unethical practice will also most likely cause the team members you are in charge of to not trust the manager as well.

Focus of Blame: When a project fails, it is so much easier to point the fingers at this person or that person. However, ethically, no person should be singled out for project failure unless it is the project manager. In the end, he or she is the one assigned the ultimate task of ensuring the project is completed. However, there is no "I" in team. Although the project manager is in charge of ensuring the task gets completed, sometimes a task can fail despite the project manager's best efforts. In these cases of project incompletion or failure, it should be said that the team failed. This is the most ethical outcome in this sense because it points the blame for failure on the team as a whole instead of just one or two people. Therefore, in a nutshell, it is ethically wrong to blame failure to complete a project on any one person.

Hard Choices Regarding Options: When working with contracts, there are often many stipulations and requirements between the two parties/options involved. Sometimes, these stipulations may violate ethical beliefs and values.

Answer : Hints: High profile corporate scandals such as Satyam, Saradha Chit Fund, Speak Asia Scam, have brought into public consciousness the mundane subject of corporate governance reforms in the hope that implementing the good governance in the organizations would not only prevent the recurrence of such problems but also lead to good organizational performance.

The public outcry over these scandals has made it clear that some reforms are required to ensure accountability and responsibility in corporate behavior. It is widely believed that it will take more than just leadership by the corporate sector to restore public confidence in our capital markets and ensure their ongoing vitality. There come the role of effective government action, in the form of renewed regulatory systems, improved auditing, and stepped up law enforcement for ensuring best practices corporate governance.

The recent initiatives taken by MCA and SEBIsuch as passing of companies act 2013, strict compliance and disclosure requirements by SEBI, norms on insider trading, makes clear that the governance of corporations have become a central item on the public policy agenda. The scandals themselves demonstrate the lax regulatory institutions, standards and enforcement can have huge implications for the economy and for the public.

Recent corporate scandals have led to public pressure to reform business practices and increase regulation. Of course dishonesty, greed and cover ups are not new societal concerns. Corporate governance in India gained prominence in the wake of liberalization during 1990s and was introduced, by the industry association confederation of Indian industry (CII), as a voluntary measure to be adopted by Indian companies. It soon acquired a mandatory status in early 2000s and in late 2009, Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) has released a set of voluntary guidelines for corporate governance, which addresses a myriad corporate governance issues. With coming into being of Companies act 2013, the corporate governance reforms in India have completed two cycles- moving from voluntary to the mandatory and then to the voluntary and now back to the mandatory approach.

The role of state or state institution such as SEBI, IRDA also assumes importance as self-regulations by companies or corporations in corporate governance entails following drawbacks such as conflicts of interests, inadequate sanctions, under enforcement, global competition, inefficient resources etc.

Answer : Hints: It is said that international relations are ruled by force, fraud and secret intrigue and whatever moral considerations come into conflict with national ambitions and nationalistic ideas they are ignored. Ethics in international relations deals with the relationship between ethics, politics, and power?International ethics is a rapidly expanding field within the discipline of International relations; this growth has been driven partly by developments in related fields of moral and political philosophy, as well as by the evident moral urgency of many contemporary global problems-including questions of poverty and inequality, and ethics of war and conflict.

Issues involved in international ethics:

1. Ethics of War: Human beings have been fighting each other since prehistoric times, and people have been discussing the rights and wrongs of it for almost as long.

This section of the BBC Ethics site covers a wide range of the issues involved.

War is Bad: The Ethics of War starts by assuming that war is a bad thing, and should be avoided if possible, but it recognises that there can be situations when war may be the lesser evil of several bad choices.

War is a bad thing because it involves deliberately killing or injuring people, and this is a fundamental wrong - an abuse of the victims' human rights.

War Ethics: The purpose of war ethics is to help decide what is right or wrong, both for individuals and countries, and to contribute to debates on public policy, and ultimately to government and individual action.

War ethics also leads to the creation of formal codes of war (e.g. the Hague and Geneva conventions), the drafting and implementation of rules of engagement for soldiers, and in the punishment of soldiers and others for war crimes.

The three key questions are:

• Is it ever right to go to war?
• When is it right to wage war?
• What is the moral way to conduct a war?
2. Global Labour Standards: Sweatshop Debate: The definition of a sweatshop remains broad, describing any factory which may have unreasonably authoritative overseers; dangerous and unhealthy (both physically and psychologically) working conditions, and enforces long hours with low pay. The term also frequently describes a factory employing child labor. Many developed nations, including the United States, have at some point engaged sweatshop production facilities on a large scale, and a major segment of the world's remaining sweatshops are located in Asia. As the West continues its long-standing tradition of fostering what many would like to slave labor, an ethical examination of these business practices becomes increasingly important.
3. Humanitarianism and Humanitarian Intervention: Humanitarian intervention has been defined as a state's use of "military force against another state when the chief publicly declared aim of that military action is ending human-rights violations being perpetrated by the state against which it is directed.

In 2003, the US-UK invasion and occupation of Iraq was labeled "humanitarian intervention" by UK Prime Minister Tony Blair.

Under the mask of humanitarian intervention countries typically pursue their narrow national interest - grabbing territory, gaining geo-strategic advantage, or seizing control of precious natural resources. Leaders hope to win public support by describing such actions in terms of high moral purposes - bringing peace, justice, democracy and civilization to the affected area

4. Global Justice: John Rawls's Law of Peoples was an important work and greatly stimulated thinking about different models of global justice (Rawls 1999). Several questions became prominent in discussions including: What principles should guide international action? What responsibilities do we have to the global poor? Should global inequality be morally troubling? Are there types of non-liberal people who should be tolerated? What kind of foreign policy is consistent with liberal values? Is a "realistic utopia" possible in the global domain? How might we transition effectively towards a less unjust world?

Contemporary events also played an enormous role in prompting philosophical inquiries. Prominent cases of genocide, ethnic cleansing, forms of terrorism uncommon prior to 2001, intensified interest in immigration to affluent developed countries, increased dependence on the labor of those from poor developing countries, and enormous threats to well-being, security and the environment became common catalysts for further study.

Philosophers began to reflect on questions such as: Is it ever permissible to engage in coercive military action for humanitarian purposes, such as to halt genocide or prevent large-scale violations of human rights? Can terrorism ever be justified? Should affluent developed countries open their borders more generously than they currently do to those from poor developing countries who would like to immigrate to them? Are our current global economic arrangements fair ones and if not, how should they be transformed? What responsibilities do we have to one another in a globalized world order? How should we allocate responsibilities for reducing global injustice in our world, such as in the case of distributing costs associated with addressing climate change?

Definition of Global Justice: A distinction is often drawn between global and international justice. The key point of difference between these two notions involves clarifying the entities among which justice is sought. In international justice the nation or state is taken as the central entity of concern and justice among nations or states is the focus. In the domain of global justice, by contrast, theorists do not seek primarily to define justice between states or nations. Rather they drill down through the state shell and inquire about what justice among human beings consists in. Global justice inquiries take individual human beings as of primary concern and seek to give an account of what fairness among such agents involves. There are a range of actions that cut across states or involve different agents, relationships, and structures that might be invisible in an inquiry seeking justice among states exclusively. Many different kinds of interactions are not circumscribed by state membership and yet can importantly affect human beings' most fundamental interests, so asking the question about what individual human beings owe one another often uncovers significant neglected features of relationships and structures that are of normative concern. Global justice analyses are not precluded from yielding state-level obligations; indeed, they typically do. However, they consider a wider array of possible agents and organizations that might have duties as well.

Global justice is an issue in political philosophy arising from the concern that the world at large is unjust.

Answer : Hints: This question can be solved by addressing the following points that a servant comes across during his tenure.

• Normal phenomena Vs extraordinary phenomenon: Age factor, personal problems, etc. - when a civil servant joins, she is young, energetic, dynamic, and keen to learn but over a period of time her enthusiasms starts fading away. It may be due to her age or other personal problems. If it is due to personal problem, then it can be considered normal but if low interest is due to extraneous factors then it will be a cause of concern.
• Ineffective reward and punishment mechanism: It is often seen that those serving with dedication and devotion are not recognized and even guilty are not punished. In such circumstances, honest civil servants may get discouraged and loss motivation to work with zeal.
• "Chalta hai" attitude of the seniors: Senior civil servants have the responsibility to lead by example but their lax behavior, insensitiveness, non-responsiveness and "chalta hai" attitude deeply demotivates the new entrants and what they learn from their seniors can be seen in their work.

Answer : Hints: Following are some of the ethical issues involved in the public services delivery in India

• Lack of Accountability
• Political interference
• Lack of proper protection to whistleblowers
• Treating service seekers as customers and not as citizens and lack of transparency and sensitiveness to common man
• Lack Honesty, impartiality, diligence, courtesy and transparency
• Difficulty in accessibility and limited responsiveness
• Lack of professional Excellency and integrity
• Corruption

Answer : Hints: Code of conduct is a set of rules outlining the social norms and rules and responsibilities or proper practices for an individual or organization. A common code of conduct is written for a public servant to protect the interest of the citizens. The standards commonly mentioned in professional codes include: honesty, integrity, transparency, accountability, confidentiality, objectivity, respectfulness and obedience to the law.

The code of conduct requires public servant to be politically neutral, honest, and impartial and maintain high ethical standards. These rules states that every public servant shall be courteous and responsive to the public, particularly the weaker sections and ensure accountability and transparency in discharge of his duties. Also these rules includes that every member of the service shall take decisions solely based on merit and in public interests and use public resources efficiently, effectively, and economically. The code may also caution public servants against placing themselves under any financial or other obligations to any individual or organization which may influence the performance of their official duties.Thus the Codes of Conduct prevents a public servant from misusing his position to take decisions that seek to derive financial or material benefit for himself, his family or friends. So we can conclude that code of conduct for civil servants consists of prohibitions on undesirable actions.

Answer : Hints: Benchmarking is the process of identifying and learning from best practices anywhere in the world. It is a powerful tool in the quest for continuous improvement and breakthroughs. Following are the ethical issues involved in the process of Benchmarking.

1. Issue of legality: while adopting standards from different sources issues of legality comes to the fore
2. Issues of exchange: when you are determined to engage in setting standards borrowed from other practices, then you should always exchange complete information that you seek from others. Communicate fully and early in the relationship to clarify expectations, avoid misunderstanding, and establish mutual interest in the benchmarking exchange. Be honest and complete.
3. Issue of confidentiality: Treat benchmarking interchange as confidential to the individuals and organizations involved. Information must not be communicated outside the partnering organizations without the prior consent of the benchmarking partner who shared the information. An organizations participation in a study is confidential and should not be communicated externally without their prior permission.
4. Principle of use: Use information obtained through benchmarking only for purposes stated to the benchmarking partner. Use information obtained through benchmarking only for purposes stated to the benchmarking partner.
5. Principles of completion: Follow through with each commitment made to your benchmarking partner in a timely manner. Complete each benchmarking study to the satisfaction of all benchmarking partners as mutually agreed.
6. Issue of understanding and action: Understand how your benchmarking partner would like to be treated. Treat your benchmarking partner in the way that your benchmarking partner would want to be treated. Understand how your benchmarking partner would like to have the information he or she provides handled and used, and handle and use it in that manner.

Answer : Hints: The dualism of the media lies in the fact that media is not only a calling but also a big business, as much a business of selling soap. In fact, but for the advertisement revenues many newspapers and TV channels would be unviable. Major newspapers and TV channels are often part of business conglomerates. In fact some are dependent upon cross-subsidization from the other lines of business owned by the proprietor. The world over there is a tendency towards concentration in media business. Giant media conglomerates operated in many countries and offer a vast variety of business, spreading across books, newspapers, radio, televisions, film and other entertainment.

As big business, the media has been the target of sharp criticism. The lure of more circulation, more advertising and more profit, it is said, induces the media to cater to popular fears and prejudices, entertain instead of enlighten, pander instead of leading. There is some merit in the criticism, particularly regarding television. However, it is important to bear in mind three factors:

• The media cannot survive without being a business
• Size of firms and concentration in markets are often the result of exogenous factors like technological change rather than endogenous corporate policies; and
• There are limits to what the government or business can offer to people what they ought to have rather than what they wish to have.

Answer : Hints: The contemporary doctrine of open government finds its strongest advocates in those non-governmental organisations keen to counter what they see as the inherent tendency of government to lapse, whenever possible, into secrecy. Prominent among these NGOs are bodies like Transparency International or the Open Society Institute. They advocate the implementation of norms of openness and transparency across the globe and argue that such standards are vital to the ongoing prosperity and development of democratic societies.

Transparency in government is often credited with generating government accountability. Transparency often allows citizens of a democracy to control their government, reducing government corruption, bribery and other malfeasance. Some commentators contend that an open, transparent government allows for the dissemination of information, which in turn helps produce greater knowledge and societal progress.

Advocates of open government often argue that civil society, rather than government legislation, offers the best route to more transparent administration. They point to the role of whistleblowers reporting from inside the government bureaucracy. They argue that an independent and inquiring press, printed or electronic, is often a stronger guarantor of transparency than legislative checks and balances. Along with an interest in providing more access to information goes a corresponding concern for protecting citizens' privacy so they are not exposed to "adverse consequences, retribution or negative repercussions" from information provided by governments.

Public and private sector platforms provide an avenue for citizens to engage while offering access to transparent information that citizens have come to expect. Numerous organizations have worked to consolidate resources for citizens to access government (local, state and federal) budget spending, stimulus spending, lobbyist spending, legislative tracking, and more.Despite the obvious and undeniable benefits that come from increased government transparency, a number of scholars have questioned the moral certitude behind much transparency advocacy, questioning the foundations upon which advocacy rests. They have also highlighted how transparency can support certain neoliberal imperatives.

Answer : Hints: By its very nature, nonviolence cannot 'seize' power, nor can that be its goal. But nonviolence can do more; it can effectively control and guide power without capturing the machinery of government. That is its beauty.

There is an exception, of course. If the nonviolent non-co-operation of the people is so complete that the administration ceases to function or if the administration crumbles under the impact of a foreign invasion and a vacuum results, the people's representatives will then step in and fill it. Theoretically that is possible.

But the use of power need not necessarily be violent. A father wields power over his children; he may even punish but not by inflicting violence. The most effective exercise of power is that which irks least. Power rightly exercised must sit light as a flower; no one should feel the weight of it.

The people accepted the authority of the Congress willingly. I was on more than one occasion invested with the absolute power of dictatorship. But everybody knew that my power rested on their willing acceptance. They could set me aside at any time and I would have stepped aside without a murmur.

Prophets and supermen are born only once in an age. But if even a single individual realizes the ideal of ahimsa in its fullness, he covers and redeems the whole society. Once Jesus had blazed the trail, his twelve disciples could carry on his mission without his presence.

It needed the perseverance and genius of so many generations of scientists to discover the laws of electricity, but today everybody, even children use electric power in their daily life. Similarly, it will not always need a perfect being to administer an ideal State once it has come into being. What is needed is a thorough social awakening to begin with. The rest will follow.

To take an instance nearer home, I have presented to the working class the truth that true capital is not silver or gold, but the labour of their hands and feet and their intelligence. Once labour develops that awareness, it would not need my presence to enable it to make use of the power that it will release.

Answer : Hints: Value judgments of a society can change as the features of human criteria depend on Purposiveness, Delibrateness and Rationality. Based on the purposiveness and rationality behind it, values are classified into Principal and Peripheral. Principle values are the values like truth, integrity, fairness, etc. which are present in every society; however its intensity may vary. The distinguishing feature of the human mind is rationality. After weighing the merit and demerit of the subject of enquiry from several view points, things are accepted by the new society. Tradition is important source of value judgment of any society both quality and quantity wise. Every bit of traditional values are subjected to critical examination and overthrown if not sustained.

Answer : Accountability implies answer ability of action of those in power. It further implies that important decisions should be explained to the people to allow them an opportunity to appraise how well those in power have handled their responsibilities.

The code of public service prescribes three characteristics of accountability; Sensitivity, Responsiveness and transparency. Effective accountability helps in the achievement of ethical standards. As for example, in India legislative control through questions, debates and various committees, ensures accountability and provides opportunity to people’s representatives to raise issues of ethics and morality.

Ethics can be considered as a form of self – accountability. Self-accountability is a kind of inner check on the self – activities, which is the highest judgment of ethical behaviour. External check through external bodies, agencies and committees such as, CAG, social audit through various NGOs etc. is required in the system to ensure implementation of uniform professional ideals and ethical standards.

If accountability misses out from the system, then there would be no checks on the compliance of ethics and there would be always a doubt – like situation. For example, tax payers should know where the taxes collected from them are being used and the information should be disseminated by officers in order to improve the tax collection. In this case, accountability on the part of officers would be to provide information to tax payers through any medium, and this would be ethical also.

Answer : Hints: Attitude can be defined as a positive or negative evaluation of people, objects, events, activities, ideas or just anything in the environment. Aptitude enables a person to develop skills to perform a task while attitude determines how a person performs that task.

Attitude can outweigh aptitude in determining whether skills can be attained or not. If a person’s attitude is negative, then he can never be able to learn skills and competence. Motivation is better predictor than IQ for skills acquisition. A person can be trained in a short time for weakness in aptitude, but moulding attitude may take several years. Suppose you have two friends, one with very positive attitude but average mind and other one is brilliant but have negative attitude. One can always motivate and influence the former one as he would be always ready to work and acquire skills and welcome suggestions with open arms. But the later person would always fear from acquiring skills and would not get motivated easily. Thus it can be said Choosing Attitude is better option than Aptitude.

Answer : Hints:

1. Integrity: Holders of public office should not place themselves under any financial or other obligation to outside individuals or organizations that might seek to influence them in the performance of their official duties.
2. Operant conditioning: Operant conditioning, sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. For example, when a child abuses others, he receives punishment, but when he helps others, he receives gifts as rewards. As a result, he learns to help others and avoid using abuses.
3. Citizenship: A citizen is a participatory member of a political community. Citizenship is gained by meeting the legal requirements of a national, state, or local government. A nation grants certain rights and privileges to its citizens. In return, citizens are expected to obey their country's laws and defend it against its enemies. Living in a country does not mean that a person is necessarily a citizen of that country. Their rights and duties are determined by political treaties and by the laws of the country where they stay.
4. Ethics as virtue: Ethics has two components – moral ethics and virtue ethics. According to the concept of ethics as virtue, there are certain ideals, such as excellence or dedication to the common good, toward which we should strive and which allow the full development of our humanity. These ideals are discovered through thoughtful reflection on what we as human beings have the potential to become. ‘Virtues’ are attitudes, dispositions, or character traits that enable us to be and to act in ways that develop this potential. They enable us to pursue the ideals we have adopted. Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control, and prudence are all examples of virtues. Virtues are developed through learning and through practice. Virtues are habits. That is, once they are acquired, they become characteristic of a person. For example, a person who has developed the virtue of generosity is often referred to as a generous person because he or she tends to be generous in all circumstances. Moreover, a person who has developed virtues will be naturally disposed to act in ways that are consistent with moral principles. The virtuous person is the ethical person.
5. Self-awareness: Goleman identified five domains of Emotional Intelligence - Self-Awareness, Self-Regulation, Motivation, Empathy and Relationship Management. Self-awareness is the capacity for introspection and the ability to recognize oneself as an individual separate from the environment and other individuals. People with high emotional intelligence are usually very self-aware. They understand their emotions, and hence, they do not let their feelings rule them. They are confident because they trust rationality and do not let their emotions get out of control. They are also willing to take an honest look at themselves. They know their strengths and weaknesses, and work on these areas so they can perform better. Many people believe that this self-awareness is the most important part of emotional intelligence.

Answer : Hints: Leadership and teamwork improvement: As a bureaucrat, you need to act like a leader in the bureaucratic structure, where decisions depend on your personal efficiency and the analytical skills. But at the centre of successful leadership lies the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals. Since emotions are intrinsic to the human condition, they doubtlessly arise whenever a group of people works together. Hence it is essential that leaders know how to deal with circumstances that include emotions. At the same time, you should be able to understand the emotions of common men, coming to you with complaints and feedbacks. You should be ready to allay their negative emotions and fume their positive emotions.

There are three key concepts to direct emotional intelligence:

• Feedback: leaders who provide sub-workers with in-depth responses about their social skills to sharpen their own awareness of emotional intelligence.
• Modelling: leaders are expected to display socially appropriate manners in front of their sub-workers to increase self-awareness.
• Mentoring: leaders are expected to mentor sub-workers for reflection and discussion of complicated people’s issues is also a beneficial tool for increasing emotional intelligence.

Improvement of public service: A great deal of public-service jobs are characterized by interpersonal contact, which can be face to face and/or voice to voice. In the ideal case the interaction between public servant and customer (common man) should produce a desired outcome for both sides: first, from the customer’s point of view, his/her goal of the exchange has been fulfilled; Second, from the agency’s point of view, the customer was satisfactorily served, establishing the productivity and efficiency of the respective public-service agency.

Thus to do their job well, bureaucrats must be able to manage interactions with their customers positively. In this neo–bureaucratic age, a civil servant should behave like a ‘salesman’, competent enough to sell the policies and programmes of the government to the masses.

Improvement in decision making: Decision making is neurologically impossible without being affected by emotions.

Answer : Hints: Human social groups contain both ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’. The social life of humans can be portrayed as reflecting a dynamic tension between a tendency to dominate and a tendency to submit. As a consequence, a semi stable social equilibrium is reached. Human social life is hierarchical and has always been so. The ‘self-conscious’ emotions, such as guilt, shame and embarrassment and ‘other – focused’ emotions, such as indignation, contempt and disgust, both maintain dynamic equilibrium to give rise to moral emotions. Self-conscious emotions will help us to motivate in many ways that guide our behaviour and provides for self-restraint. When others experience our other-focused behaviour in response to our moral transgressions, they are apt to give us social-conduct feedback in an attempt to impose constraints on our behaviour. These self-focused and other focused emotions are nothing but moral emotions, which help to inculcate the good emotions, such as generosity, healthy competition, admiration etc. and remove bad emotions, such as jealousy, contempt etc. from our characters.

Answer : Hints: Ethical efficacy influences moral motivation and conduct as it instills the confidence needed to engage in ethical behaviour and accordingly, helps individuals control their actions to meet moral standards. When individuals control their actions to meet social standards, self – regulatory abilities are maintained; when they don’t, and instead engage in socially inappropriate behaviour, self-regulatory abilities fail. Thus, ethical efficacy acts as a reinforcement of self-regulatory abilities, controlling behaviour even in the face of situations that challenge moral standards.

Answer : Hints: Ethical failures are all around. Despite their pervasiveness we know little how to manage and even survive the aftermath of such failures. To succeed in this scientific enterprise, one should use of a behavioral ethics approach that relies on insights from psychology.

Ethical leadership: Leadership itself may fail sometimes in directing ethics within organizations and business because they suffer from biases that can prevent them from making the right and accurate decisions.

Moral awareness: Remedies for ethical failures often focus on increasing moral awareness. When making decisions it is important that people are aware of the moral implications of their actions. People are able to interpret moral dilemmas in a conscious manner in which cognitive corrections can be applied.

Managing distrust: Ethical failures often go hand in hand with a decline of trust. The occurrence of distrust is a severe problem and requires that we understand how unethical behaviors can be dealt with in ways that trust is restored. Indeed, when ethical failures emerge integrity suffers (Paine, 1994). For this reason, a lack of ethics may erode trust. Therefore, a specific focus on dealing with the aftermath of ethical failures is much needed.

In order to eliminate or prevent unethical deeds but also manage and deal with the aftermath of ethical failures. To do so effectively, requires an approach that heightens our understanding of how leaders can tackle such circumstances in more effective ways, how awareness of what is appropriate and right works, and how the resulting distrust can be managed in repairing ways.

Answer : Hints: Not a day goes by without the revelation of unethical behavior by a politician, movie star, professional athlete, or high-ranking executive. Is a person's willingness to cross ethical lines influenced by the presence of others who may benefit? Findings show that cheating is motivated by potential benefits to others.

In the various experiments conducted to study unethical behavior by scholars suggests that the potential benefits which dishonesty may create for others not only help people justify their own bad behavior but also serve as a self-serving motivator for it.

Focusing on the social utility of others, people more freely categorize their own actions in positive terms and avoid negative updating of their moral self-image. As a result, people feel less guilty about their dishonest behavior when others-in addition to themselves-can benefit from them. Among the implications: Team settings might be conducive to dishonest behavior among group members, and thus might not be ideal to foster learning.

Key concepts include:

• People cheat more when other individuals can benefit from their cheating.
• Individuals also cheat more when the number of beneficiaries of wrongdoing is larger.
• Individuals often resolve ethical dilemmas through creative reassessments and self-serving rationalizations. They think they can act dishonestly enough to profit from their unethicality, but honestly enough to maintain a positive self-concept.
• Dishonesty should be studied not only at the individual level but also at the group level, where members can influence one another in their ethical as well as unethical behavior.

Answer : Hints: Ethical obligation is related to virtues and vices. These are habits. It is therefore not surprising that it is moral dispositions, sentiments and the will rather than emotional episodes which go to make up vices and virtues. Perhaps the single most important feature of these dispositions and sentiments is that they are the motives out of (or from) which the vicious or virtuous person acts.

Sometimes they are referred to indirectly the ‘feelings of benevolence’ of someone who has the virtue of benevolence. Sometimes they are directly categorized as features or qualities of a person’s loves, hates, preferences and will, kindness, tenderness, affection, vindictiveness, vengefulness, distrustfulness, trustfulness, gratitude. Sometimes they are said to contribute to a person’s character, sometimes they are held to be more fundamental than mere character traits.

Thus a person who has the virtue of justice acts because of moral emotions out of a concern for fairness and this concern underlies the disposition to feel indignation when confronted with examples of injustice. If this sort of claim is correct, then the emotional dispositions and sentiments which help to constitute moral virtues such as courage and justice are morally valuable and the affective components of moral vices such as cowardice and injustice are morally bad.

Many sentiments and emotions are often held to be morally valuable in virtue of their nature – for example, respect, remorse, love and joy. The heart of morality is the rightness and wrongness of actions, our obligations, and what we ought and ought not to do.

Answer : Hints: “Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely.” Over the centuries, this famous saying voiced by Lord Action has been analyzed and dissected numerous times by historians and philosophers. Some individuals say that power does not corrupt, it only attracts the corruptible. However, to judge fairly, past and current events accurately depict the ideology that power corrupts absolutely, and that its meaning holds true.

Leadership is at its core, all about power and influence; however, there is a distinction between two types of power. Socialized power is used to benefit others, and personalized power is used for personal gain. In many cases, individuals start out with the aim to benefit others, but once power is acquired, they use it for their own gain. Thus, socialized power and personalized power is not mutually exclusive.

So why does power corrupt? It corrupts because it gives license to unconsciousness and neglect. It corrupts because it licenses individuals to unilaterally, unreflectively and thus arbitrarily impose their will on others. It licenses individuals to impose their will without having properly engaged and processed through the Reality at hand.

Power inflates the ego and through it the ego is erroneously led to believe it has the power to make people, ideas and even Reality itself disappear without due process. In the big picture nothing is further from the truth.

Power corrupts because it gives license to unconsciousness, and in so doing it not only destroys the growth opportunity of the victim of such imposition, but no less the growth opportunity of the victimizer. Failure to engage another in consciousness, not only does the other individual harm, but it no less does serious harm to oneself, for in both cases the precious opportunity to extend consciousness by way of self-organizing nature is altogether lost, corrupted.

By way of power you corrupt; by way of power you are corrupted. By way of absolute power you absolutely corrupt; by way of absolute power you become absolutely corrupted.

Thus, Power gives the license, the right to impose one’s will upon others without care or remorse for the results or consequences. Power is danger, it is a person’s ultimate destruction and debacle – but once power comes, people do not consciously realize it.

Answer : Hints: In psychoanalytic theory, defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological strategies brought into play by various entities to cope with reality and to maintain self-image. Healthy persons normally use different defenses throughout life. An ego defense mechanism becomes pathological only when its persistent use leads to maladaptive behavior such that the physical and/or mental health of the individual is adversely affected. The purpose of ego defense mechanisms is to protect the mind/self/ego from anxiety, social sanctions or to provide a refuge from a situation with which one cannot currently cope.

They are more accurately referred to as ego defense mechanisms, and can thus be categorized as occurring when the id impulses are in conflict with each other, when the id impulses conflict with super-ego values and beliefs, and when an external threat is posed to the ego.

The term "defense mechanism" is often thought to refer to a definitive singular term for personality traits which arise due to loss or traumatic experiences, but more accurately refers to several types of reactions which were identified.

The following is an explanation of each of the ego defense mechanisms:

• Denial: Denial is the act of refusing to acknowledge the presence of the threat or the occurrence of the unpleasant event.
• Displacement: Displacement is transferring or discharging your emotions on a less threatening object. For example, shouting at your children or having a fight with your neighbor right after your boss shouts at is an example of displacement.
• Repression: Repression is the complete memory loss of a painful event. In this case, your subconscious mind doesn’t want you to remember what happened because it may negatively affect your mood.
• Projection: Projection is throwing the blame for the unwanted event upon others. For example saying that you failed an exam because the teacher is a racist.
• Rationalization: Rationalization is the act of rationalizing your wrong actions and creating a self- serving explanation for what you did.
• Suppression: Avoiding thinking about the unwanted event and burring it deep. Suppressed emotions can result in mood swings that come out of nowhere and in severe depression.
• Sublimation: Sublimation is satisfying your socially unacceptable needs in a socially accepted way. For example becoming a boxer in order to satisfy your hidden need for violence.
• Regression: Regression is returning to a previous state of development. Crying instead of taking actions to solve your problems means you have returned to the stage of childhood.
• Identification: By identifying with something or someone else you can increase your sense of self-worth. Saying that a famous singer is a friend of yours can make you feel good about yourself.

The other Ego defence mechanism include like Undoing to fix your mistake, Fantasy, Imagining yourself beating up your boss, Reaction Formation, taking actions that are the opposite of your real desires, Humor, looking at the funny side of a situation, Compensation, hiding your weaknesses by acting as a beacon of strength, Affiliation, to seek the help of another person in getting over your problem.

Are Ego Defense Mechanisms Effective? Sometimes they are healthy and sometimes not. Some of them can help you, while others can make the problem even worse; whenever possible, try to consciously detect the presence of the defense mechanism and see if it is really beneficial or not.

Answer : Hints: Persuasion is a form of social influence in which an audience is intentionally encouraged to adopt an idea, attitude, or course of action by symbolic means. The three elements necessary to persuade an audience are: emotional appeal (pathos), intellectual appeal (logos) and charisma (ethos).

There is critical role of communication in persuasion and social influence processes, from the way influential messages are composed to the technologies that disseminate them and the effects they have on various audiences. People make evaluations or judgments about the content of messages based on their anchors, or stance, on a particular topic messages.

Persuasion primarily is a cognitive event, meaning that the targets of persuasive messages use mental processes of motivation and reasoning to accept or reject persuasive messages. It is often assumed that to persuade others to do something, an outside source simply has to provide enough ammunition to change another’s attitudes or beliefs.

For example, public health campaigns often presume that the best way to get a smoker to quit is to infuse the smoker with information about mortality, health problems, and the social stigma associated with smoking in order to change the person’s attitude about cigarettes. If the smoker’s attitude gets changed, he or she will stop smoking.

Answer : Hint: Law consists of a series of rules that prescribe the duties that individuals owe to third parties and provide sanctions for a failure to fulfill those duties. Ethics involves the duties that an individual owes to himself/herself and to third parties. Ethics have important role in those cases where law is not clear or there is no law such as in the case of international relation. Ethics apply to the culture, education and religion of a whole society while law generally covers an individual’s action or conduct.

Ethical standards are and ought to be higher than legal standards. Moreover, administrative ethics ought to be higher still because of the public nature of the administrator’s role.

Answer : Hint: Values are set of beliefs that an individual develops when he or she interacts with the surrounding. Parents are with whom child interacts initially so inculcation of values starts at the home. But as the child grow, along with parents, school, social institutions, civic organizations, television, internet, other electronic media, friends, colleagues, neighbours, and surroundings also help to shape the child’s values. The older the child becomes, the more s/he is expected to assume personal responsibility for acting in certain ways.

Answer : Hints: Some of the obstacles in ensuring ethical accountability are:

Special expertise and lack of flow of information: Public servants are often experts in their specific areas of functioning and it is difficult for any outside agency to surpass them in their areas of specialization. They generate and comprehend information but access to them is very limited for common men. Although acts, like RTI and Citizen’s Charter are crucial, but universal use need to be ensured.

Less time devoted for audit: Oversight agencies, such as Auditors, Regulators, Media, etc. generally have less time to devote on one case, as compared to full time of public administrators. So, sometimes they are not able to seek all crucial information and process and use them effectively.

Massive expansion of bureaucracy: Because of this, many times it is difficult for political executives and senior officials to keep an eye on all of their subordinates. Lack of coordination among various government departments lead to poor information sharing and data processing. This also leads to duplication of efforts and wastage of time and man resources.

Excessive monopoly and discretion: Excessive security in cases of wrong decisions taken by public servants while using his/ her discretion. Security of job and promotion is also a big deterrent to accountability.

Misconception on Vigilance Department: The normal tendency of taking Vigilance Department as a ‘Police’ department leads to hiding of information and avoiding being candid while doing work.

Misinterpretation of roles and obligations: Setting of specific goals with clear distribution of work and a focus of outcome – oriented delivery of public services is often found missing in the public departments. This provides an obstacle in dealing with effective and quality product – services delivery and at the end leads to chaotic situation, without any inculcation of feeling of a team work.

Narrow loyalty towards the organization and superior authority: Instead of being loyal towards the nation and public at large, many times public servants are socialized into developing loyalty towards the organization they serve and their superior authority. This leads to diluting and hiding of information.

Archaic procedures and rules: Many organizations, such as Police, Income Tax, Railways, etc. are following age old archaic procedures and their department rules have not been amended so far. This has led to over concentration of power in the hands of few officials.

Lack of feeling of self-accountability: Self – accountability is the best way to ensure ethical accountability. But, due to lack of proper behavioural based trainings in generating self – accountability, public servants are not able to acknowledge this fact.

Answer : Hints: Media has a dual character, in two senses. It is a medium as well as a creator of news, attitudes and agenda. It conveys as well as directs. The news it reports alerts policymakers, interest groups, and political parties to emerging issues, and to threats and opportunities. Media is a very useful vehicle for policy and political entrepreneurship, for advancing ones interests and causes. An event or development that is reported is an opportunity to gain popularity by taking up an issue and by pressing government to respond to it in a way that it prefers. It alerts government to the need to address an issue either symbolically or substantively. Without the media, everyone would be groping in the dark.

Yet the media is not a passive medium. Information is often conveyed and commented upon with a view to shape the public agenda, mould public opinion, and push action along a particular course towards a particular goal. Media reduces the costs of collective strategies for attracting media coverage to their interests and causes, and their collective action.

The dualism of the media in the second sense lies in the fact that media is not only a calling but also a business, as much a business as selling soap. In fact, some are dependent upon cross-subsidization from the other lines of business owned by the proprietor. As a business media is under constant pressure to sell, and to offer what sells, rather than what as the Fourth Estate it ought to offer.

World over, there is a tendency towards concentration in the media business. Giant media conglomerates operate in many countries and offer a vast variety of business spreading across books, newspapers, radio, TV, film and other entertainment.

There is some merit in the criticism, particularly regarding television. However, it is important to bear in mind three factors:

• media cannot survive without being a business;
• size of firms and concentration in markets are often the result of exogenous factors like technological change rather than endogenous corporate policies; and
• there are limits to what government or business can offer to people what they ought to have than what they wish to have.

Answer : Hints:

1. Public Service: Any kind of services provided by the government during the process of governance is public service. It is provided by government to people living within its jurisdiction, either directly (such as, police services, army, Right to work, PDS shops etc.) or by financing provision of services (such as, providing subsidies for diesel, LPG, conditional cash transfers etc.). This is associated with the presumption that certain services should be available to all citizens, regardless of the income. It is an essential tool of the government to establish a welfare state by the means of ensuring transparency and accountability while delivering services.
2. Corruption: It is willful diversion of resources (either money or any other resources) by a person from the intended purpose to other purposes or for his/ her own benefit. ARC report called for inclusion of ‘willful violation of oath of office’ ,‘abuse of authority unduly favouring or harming someone’, ‘squandering of public money’ and ‘obstruction of justice’ under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.Example of corruption may include from using official stationary for own purpose to billon dollar scams like, Coalgate, Common wealth game scams.
3. Public Procurement: Public procurement, also called government procurement, is the procurement of goods and services on behalf of a public authority, such as a government agency. Government procurement accounts for a substantial part of our economy because of the phenomenon of a welfare state in India.

It may range from procurement of furniture or computers for daily use to procurement of large turbines, ships, aircrafts, defence equipments, etc.

Methods adopted for public procurement are tendering, e - tendering, reverse auctioning, rate contracts, personal enquiries etc.

Public procurement is the largest grey area of ethics, where largest corruption occurs. Example is the Bofors scam, Common Wealth Game scam, fodder scam, etc.

4. Work Culture: Work culture is defined as a totality of Beliefs, thought processes, attitudes of the employees towards and during work processes. It is also stable and recurring worker beliefs, norms, and attitudes in relation to work process, systems, functions, and relationships. Work culture is seen as that organisational component that decides and determines the way employees interact with each other and how an organization functions.

Positive Work Culture

• Employee empowerment and effective communication: this refers to the aspect of a weak work culture that allows for more autonomy in work processes and activities this reduces frustrations at work.
• Open, honest and flowing communication: this refers to the aspect of a strong work culture that calls for a more coordinated communication system between individuals, groups or structures with the open and honest flow of information. With trust and confidence as well as accountability.
• Long-term, quality, service and excellence: this calls for a strategic focus in which every employee looks not only at the immediate but at a further focus of the organisation’s future.
• Individual responsibility: with greater individual autonomy comes the need for greater individual responsibility such that there are no blame games and no figure pointing.
• Embracing new ideas: it must allow for innovations, creativity and internal transformation.
• Flexible, fluid and rapidly responsive: the work culture is weak enough to be organic and flexible enough to allow for quicker responsiveness and embrace change.

Negative Work Culture

• Highly formalized: this occurs when every aspect of work is highly defined and prescribed.
• High employee turn-over: this is when there is a greater employee loss in a given time due to dissatisfaction.
• Resistance to change: employees and the organisation are resistant to change
• Strict rules and rigid policies: there is a strict rationalisation of work which results to formalism
5. Quality of Service Delivery: Quality of service delivery defines the minimum standards of processes of governance. In India, the ‘Sevottam’ model has been developed with the overarching objective of improving the quality of public service delivery in the country. The model has three components:

• The first component of the model requires effective charter implementation thereby opening up a channel for receiving citizens’ inputs into the way in which organizations determine service delivery requirements. Citizens’ Charters publicly declare the information on citizens’ entitlements; making citizens better informed and hence empowering them to demand better services.
• The second component of the model, ‘Public Grievance Redress’ requires a good grievance redress system operating in a manner that leaves the citizen more satisfied with how the organization responds to complaints/grievances, irrespective of the final decision.
• The third component ‘Excellence in Service Delivery’, postulates that an organization can have an excellent performance in service delivery only if it is managing the key ingredients for good service delivery well, and building its own capacity to continuously improve delivery.

The ability of such an assessment model in influencing service delivery quality will be a function of how tightly improvement actions are linked to assessment results.

Answer : Hints: The decisions regarding foreign polices come out of a complex process in which many individuals representing competing institutions, agencies, and organizations will participate. The decisions that emerge from that process are the result of the complex interaction among all those who are involved. Each will try to make happen what he believes is best from his perspective. In the end, choices and takeoffs will have been made among individuals with different views on morality.

Ethical reasoning is based on choice among alternatives, all of which need not be moral. In a complex world, there often will be the need for tradeoffs between interests and moral values. Moreover, states are not like individuals. When individuals act as leaders of states, they have obligations to others, most importantly their people.Yet, while we need not judge their actions according to standards of individual morality, we should be able to judge the moral quality of those actions. Additionally, one should expect that the decision process, in which these individuals participate, was based on ethical reasoning.

At minimum, the process should identify the moral values relevant to the situation, include these norms in the assessment of the policy options, and in coming to a decision weigh the moral consequences of these options. Ideally, from a moralist point of view, the choice should be the most desirable action from among morally legitimate alternatives. At the heart of ethical reasoning are judgments of fact and value that will require tradeoffs. Situations and events must be judged on a case-by-case basis. In any situation, there will be multiple obligations to individuals, communities and states, a variety of moral norms that are applicable to the situation (some of which may be superior imperatives), a complex set of information or lack of information, and issues of causality that make ethical reasoning extremely difficult. A moral decision maker must try, however, and a moral decision making process must include that effort. Even the knotty logic of conflict does not remove the responsibility for moral choice.

A policy is moral or not requires an evaluation of the goal, the motives and intentions, the means to be used, and the probable consequences. A moral policy should be justified in all four ways. For instance, moral goals and good intentions are not by themselves enough; the means may be reprehensible and the likely consequences morally unacceptable. Thus, the moral absolutist is recognized. Since "ought" can be seen as implying "can," what is viewed as right must be bounded by what is likely possible. A goal that is morally desirable may be impossible to accomplish and, therefore, any effort to achieve that goal may be immoral. Thus, there is room for the moral consequentialist. Additionally, there will remain the need to weigh moral values against each other. Nevertheless, in the end, there will usually, perhaps always, be a gap between what is morally desirable to some, if not most, of the individuals making the decision and what they believe is necessary.

In considering international relations and given the lack of useful information, most people develop a hybrid attitude toward each of the above questions. This is usually true even for the moral absolutist, especially when moral norms are in conflict with each other. Regardless of attitude, as the statesman does, to think and judge effectively and coherently in moral terms. As Stanley Hoffmann argues, while we must admit that there is a huge gap between what is moral and what is likely in international affairs, we should not resign ourselves to the consequences of inaction, but rather take every opportunity to narrow the gap.

Answer : Hints: Whistle blowers’ Act seeks to promote combating corruption by keeping the names of initiators or whistle blowers of corruption as secret. This will motivate others to come out and provide information about incidents of corruption happening around them.

Expansion of Whistle – blowing in India:

• Empowering employees to expose internal corruption by ensuring them total immunity and protection. SC ruled out that whistle blowers identity should be protected totally
• State support to whistle blowers through thorough implementation of the act
• Fair and impartial trial of cases exposed by whistle blowers
• Expanding protection of whistle blowers in cases of private companies as well. Right now, legal safeguards to individuals are guaranteed only in cases pertaining to government establishments or where substantial public money is involved
• Motivation to whistle blowers by appreciation and awards. Recent news on Dinesh Thakur, who worked at Ranbaxy for four months and initiated blowing the lid on the company’s falsification of certification documents submitted to drug controllers around the world. He was awarded $48.6 million for his efforts.
• Whistle blowing should be included in the Companies act, which may provide essential criteria for companies to have proper and well-advertised mechanisms for whistle blowing.
• Through advertisements, campaigns and raising awareness by posting whistle blowing mechanisms on the company’s portal and sites, celebrating whistle blowing weeks and days.

Answer : Hints: Strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance:

1. Ensuring reflection of ethical and moral standards in the legal framework of the government by specifying minimum obligatory standards and principles of behaviour for public servants and properly framed laws, rules and regulations for guidance, investigation and punishment in cases of non – compliance.
2. Ethical guidance should be available to public servants by time to time arrangements of trainings for upgradation of skills for ethical analysis and moral reasoning and providing a mechanism for impartial advice in cases where they used to face ethical dilemmas. An internal consultation process mechanism, involving very senior and experienced bureaucrats should be developed to assist naïve officers.
3. Instead of ‘espirit de corps’, a proper code of ethics should be evolved with certain region based discretion. Government policies should clearly state that below certain standards of public service value, the civil servants’ action cannot be tolerated.
4. Motivation through live case studies, practical examples, incentives, applauds etc.
5. Individual public servants should be given responsibilities and in cases of inaction, they should have to bear its onus.
6. Protection in cases of exposing of wrong doings at all levels.
7. Merit based promotions and providing timely boost ups to bring reforms.
8. Adequate accountability mechanisms through use of technology. For example, a vigilance week is being celebrated with the theme of: ensuring accountability – technology as an enabler. This will focus on improving technology for ensuring internal as well as external accountability.
9. Adequate and quick trial of cases of unethical behaviour and a proper ethical check on the discretion power.

Answer : Although Indian corporates have been focused on revisiting and updating board-level policies and procedures by implementing them, but the focus of most of the organisations have been on achieving legal compliance, for instance, introducing the appropriate mix of executive and non-executive directors on their boards. But beyond this, not much has been done substantively. Most listed companies continue to view corporate governance as a compliance-driven exercise — an effort to ensure that they implement the bare minimum that can keep them out of legal trouble. This, however, is not appropriate.

The true value of corporate governance is much more than just ensuring compliance with regulations. This is because the spirit of corporate governance is about putting in place safeguards around any eventuality that could have a serious negative impact on a company and its stakeholders. In other words, while a CEO of any company with questionable integrity can topple a company, it is also important to recognise that other risks such as poor controls around financial processes, operational inefficiencies, and the inability to compete effectively in the global marketplace, can also produce disastrous results.

The mandate should be to develop a framework for a system of controls that could help companies achieve their stated business objectives for various stakeholders and society at large. Making Corporate Social Responsibility as mandatory, vibrant RTI, Proactive approach in disclosing of assets and liabilities, merit based criteria for selection of employees, providing assistance in compliance as well as social audit generation of feelings of self – accountability and self – responsibility may help in realizing the true values of corporate governance.

Answer : Hints: Open government ensures a transparent, accountable, information sharing and feedback seeking governance process, which shares everything with the citizens, considering them as its family members. In its broadest construction it opposes reason of state and other considerations, which have tended to legitimize extensive state secrecy.

There should be proper rules, regulations and mechanisms in place that call upon government actors to justify their actions, act upon criticisms or requirements made of them, and accept responsibility for failure to perform with respect to laws or commitments. Governments embrace the importance of providing citizens with open access to technology, the role of new technologies in driving innovation, and the importance of increasing the capacity of citizens to use technology. Governments seek to mobilize citizens to engage in public debate, provide input, and make contributions that lead to more responsive, innovative and effective governance.

Information on government activities and decisions is open, comprehensive, timely& freely available to the public at their door steps. It ensures that citizens, civil society and governments participate and work together in a participative process. Governments need to proactively approach and engage citizens and support civil society in order to increase their capacity to participate. E - Governance and participative governance are ways to ensure open governance.

The contemporary doctrine of ‘open government’ finds its strongest advocates in the pressure groups and vigilant citizens, which keen to counter what they see as the inherent tendency of government to lapse, whenever possible, into secrecy.

Answer : Hints: Problems of policy making in India:

Excessive Fragmentation: One of the main problems with policy-making in India is extreme fragmentation in the structure. For example, the transport sector is dealt with by five departments/Ministries in the government of India whereas in the US and UK it is a part of one department (Department of Transport and Public Works in the US and Department of Environment, Transport and Regions in the UK). Similar examples exist in the energy, industry and social welfare sectors as well. Such fragmentation fails to recognize that actions taken in one sector have serious implications on another and may work at cross purposes with the policies of the other sector. Besides, it becomes very difficult, even for closely related sectors, to align their policies in accordance with a common overall agenda.

Excessive Overlap: Another problem is the excessive overlap between implementation, program formulation and policy making which creates a tendency to focus on operational convenience rather than on public needs. Policy-making in Indian ministries occurs at the levels of Director and above, but the most important level (crucial for consideration of cross-cutting impacts) is of the Secretaries to the Government of India, who are the Ministers’ “policy advisers-in-chief”. However, as mentioned earlier, the very same Secretaries spend a large part of their time bogged down on routine day-to-day administration of existing policy. Time is spent anticipating and answering parliamentary questions, attending meetings and functions on implementation issues etc. Partly the problem is symptomatic of over-centralisation—excessive concentration of implementation powers at the higher levels of the Ministries.

Lack of non-governmental inputs and informed debate: Often public policy is made without adequate input from outside government and without adequate debate on the issues involved. The best expertise in many sectors may lie outside the Government. Yet the policy processes and structures of Government have no systematic means for obtaining outside inputs, for involving those affected by policies or for debating alternatives and their impacts on different groups. Most developed countries have a system of widespread public debate before a policy is approved. For example, in the US, the legislature subjects a new policy initiative to extensive debate not only in Committees but also in the Senate and House. Such debates not only enable an assessment of different viewpoints but also help build up a constituency in support of the policy through sound arguments. Probably the only example of fairly systematic consultation of outside expertise in India is in the process of formulating the Central Budget, where there is a long tradition of pre-budget confabulations with chosen members of industry, labour and academia.

Policies are framed without taking feed backs: In India, governance is just one way process. Proper provisions to take feedbacks from the people, who bear the direct impacts of policies, are missing from their framing. There is no effective way to capture past feedbacks and experiences, which may be utilized to improve future policies and programmes.

Suggestions to improve public policy making:

• Provision of a survey to capture the efficacy of previous policies and address loopholes in future. Also, if a policy is successful in one region and unsuccessful in other, then experiences from the successful implementation may be used in other regions as well.
• Advertising and maturing two – way governance process.
• Video – conferencing or addressing people directly through satellites, in which feedbacks and suggestions of common men could be taken.
• Networking of policy makers to common men through radio, television, internet, mobile messages in local language.
• Amending archaic laws in accordance with the current context.
• Outcome – based approach instead of result based, where all possible pros and cons should be analyzed.
• Integration and simplification of inter – departmental interfaces and information sharing.
• Implementation, formulation and policy making should be clearly and markedly segregated and distributed.
• Citizens - civil societies - government debate as tri-nodal model should be promoted and provided a proper and periodic platform.

Answer : Hints: In the contemporary world, private sector is not mere market mechanism propelled by unfettered competition. Truly competitive companies, who care for reputations should have to be unequivocally committed to the interests of stakeholders and society. The absence of governance or deficit in trust results in diminished consumer, investor and public confidence along with less efficient organizations. Private sector needs support of public governance to win trust of people and stakeholders, for harnessing public resources, for providing a platform to expand by ensuring reliability to the people, for earning reputation and hence easily getting loans and grants from public banks and markets through IPOs, FPOs, shares etc.

On the other hand, public governance needs capital, technological and financial support from private sector. PPP is an excellent example of integration of public and private governance. Public governance has to learn how to ensure achievements of task focused, result oriented goal from the private sector.

The need of the hour is to provide a platform where convergence of public – private governance may take place and which may lead to integration of best practices from both sectors. The role of public governance should be to discipline the private governance and act as a facilitator and optimizer, considering the interests of the people and the role of private governance should be to assist public governance and take responsibility towards the society and nation. This may ensure true convergence of corporate governance and public managerialism.

Answer : Hints: The most effective exercise of power is that which troubles least. A non – violent administrator or law – giver professes his duties without getting affected by fear or favour, anger or attachment.

It is truly said that with great power, comes great responsibilities and a violent person may not be able to accomplish all responsibilities with utmost satisfaction. Examples could be seen, where violent dictators, such as Hitler, Napoleon, Mussolini, British government in India all came to an end. Recent case of Arab Spring further re – establishes this fact. Emphasis on use of soft skills in international arena by India, such as negotiations, peace talks, focus on educational and cultural pacts is an example, where power has been utilized effectively in non – violent ways, thus earning a tag of ‘soft power’.

For true development of any country and true realization of the ideals of constitution, the highest posts of governance need to be as less violent as possible and adopting some violent means, such as lathi charges, tear gas etc. only in extreme cases of grave public order hampering.

To ensure, non – violent legislative and executive, proper methods of checks (such as independent and impartial judiciary, right to vote, individual fundamental rights) have been given in the constitution, which ensures that it may not take the form of all – pervasive and all – powerful.

Answer : Hints: Our Constitution has endowed us with very comprehensive fundamental rights, which ensures freedoms in a very broad context. But, those freedoms are not absolute. They are closely linked to responsibility, some of which are mentioned in the fundamental duties. For instance, one cannot enjoy right to life if one disturbs other in living their lives. It’s one’s responsibility to profess one’s right in such a way so as not to impose constraints for others.

Therefore, Responsibility and freedom go together. If one does not want to take responsibility, he/ she cannot have freedom either. Freedom means one will have to be responsible for every act, for every breath; whatever he/ she does or doesn’t do, one will be responsible. For example, we have been given freedom of expression and information. We should utilize this to fulfill our responsibility by giving correct information during social audits and various government surveys.

In the contemporary situation, as freedom has been assured by our constitution and executive machinery, it is our responsibility to utilize that freedom in achieving development of our country and the society.

Answer : Hints: When people join an organization, they bring with them their unique attitudes, values and behaviours that they have been taught. Any organisation with firmly established organisational culture would be taught the values, beliefs and expected behaviours of that organisation. Just as society moulds human behaviour, an organisation also moulds human behaviour that is in tune with the prevalent set of norms and behaviour. In this process, certain basic attitudes and beliefs about the people and their work situations are slowly but firmly accepted in the organisation, which becomes its ‘Organisational Culture’. A positive organizational culture reinforces the core beliefs and behaviours that a leader desires while weakening the values and actions the leader rejects.

In the present context, positive work culture is evident in the implementation of ‘Swachh Bharat Mission’ in organizations, where attitudinal and behavioural changes are inculcated in employees for ensuring time - bound achievement of goals.

States like, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Gujarat have shown better growth and development due to dedicated behaviour, hard-working values, positive attitude and efficient work culture.

Answer : Hints: Ethics is a science of moral conduct, which guides the human behaviour with respect to the promotion of existence of human beings, non-living things, animals and Ecology & Environment. It is helpful in resolving conflicts, dilemmas, ambiguity and provides reasonable guidance for right conduct. Teaching ethics in educational institutions does not include only schools & colleges but professional courses, training institutes for public servants also.

Teaching ethics is important for the following reasons:

• It creates awareness amongst students to analyse the impact of their decisions on people in the immediate and future environment.
• Teaching ethics, through formal educational system goes a long way in shaping the culture of a person and through him the culture of the institutions where he works and the society where he lives. It transforms the consciousness and commitment of a person to self, work and place.
• Ethical guidance available to public servants by having training facilities during probation time and during service, help them for upgradation of their skills for ethical analysis and moral reasoning.
• Teaching ethics in professional institutes help companies overcome unethical business practices in the areas of sales, marketing and technology. This helps companies achieve their primary objective of shareholder’s wealth maximization.
• Students can be trained to solve ethical dilemmas and how to deal with moral emotions.

Answer : Hints: A large body of contemporary academic literature suggests that IPRs as implemented in the TRIPS agreement and various US FTAs give rise to a number of ethical problems.

The ethical problems raised by IPRs are most pertinent when it is socially valuable goods such as life-saving medicines and genetically modified seeds that are given Intellectual Property (IP) protection. In line with much contemporary literature on the ethical dimensions of IPRs, the product type in question is lifesaving medicines.

How innovation is currently incentivized under the TRIPS agreement and how this agreement might lead to ethically problematical outcomes. It is an expensive, time consuming and financially risky endeavor to produce new and safe drugs for the market. Advanced chemical research and long clinical trials must be undertaken, and in case both of these prove successful, there awaits an often lengthy approval process.

Given that pharmaceutical companies must bear all the costs of the development process, it is no surprise that such companies are reluctant to undertake research and development (R&D) of new drugs unless the financial prospects of doing so are bright. Without IPRs on pharmaceutical innovations, such prospects would be everything but bright.

The market price for the product will therefore very likely be driven down to just above marginal costs of production, and the inventor firm will be unable to recoup its R&D costs. A macroeconomic setup for the buying and selling of drugs that does not offer innovators IPRs to their innovations is therefore likely to lead to a market failure of undersupply of pharmaceutical innovations.

When it comes to compulsory licensing, a number of problems are often cited. First, the WTO originally only allowed national governments to issue compulsory licenses to generic manufacturers that would produce products for domestic consumption. As was quickly recognized, this meant that compulsory licensing was no help to countries that lacked a domestic generic drug manufacturing capacity. Second, compulsory licensing has social costs that may negate the short term benefits compulsory licensing has in virtue of improving access to life-saving medicines.

Social costs of compulsory licensing are, worthy of serious attention. Compulsory licenses are widely used, then pharmaceutical companies are likely to be deterred from investing in R&D of drugs that are likely to be subjected to compulsory licensing. For-profit pharmaceutical companies are therefore likely to eschew this type of R&D entirely. In turn, compulsory licensing will constitute a further barrier to R&D of drugs for diseases that primarily exist in a developing world setting.

Traditionally, two distinct lines of thought have been fielded for the suggestion that IPRs (including those on socially valuable goods) are ethically justifiable. One line of thought appeals to a natural right of an inventor to control the use of her innovations. This is the libertarian defense of IPRs which has its historical roots as well as modern thoughts also includes.

The libertarian view endows individuals with a natural right of appropriation. This is the idea that any innovator/worker who mixes her labor with a previously un-owned object or natural resource comes to own this object or resource in full and can legitimately deny that other people use/appropriate this object or resource (though she is free to sell or give away this object or natural resource to any party of her choice)

The general idea is that IPRs are ethically justifiable because they incentivize innovative R&D which in turn increases overall human welfare. Welfarism is a form of consequentialism that states that the morally best course of action, policy or institution is the one that maximizes future human welfare. One might think that welfarism has to be opposed to the ethical legitimacy of IPRs due to the access problem caused by such rights.

Answer : Hints: Ethics in finance is mainly related with insider trading, financial services (undue benefits/frauds by intermediaries) and Financial Market (Undue gains by Promoters of the company). Even within the law, various manipulations can be carried out by accountants which are regarded as ethical grey areas, like “looking the books”, “creative accounting”, “make up of accounts”, “window dressing of accounts”, etc.

A transparent system of accounting raises the confidence of shareholder, who otherwise not able to comprehend the mechanism of preparation of balance sheet & Profit and loss account.

The various agencies which give rating to the companies can give better ranking based on accounting system of the company and how it is reported to the shareholders.

Enhanced market image by overcoming the problems of insider trading and other malpractices give better access to market borrowing.

Answer : Hints: Natural resources are the assets of entire nation.It is the obligation of all concerned including Union Government and State Governments to conserve and not waste these resources, which is also enshrined in constitution under articles 48A and 51A. Conservation, preservation and protection of forests and the ecology is a matter of public importance hence it is moral duty of state to protect natural resources.

Forests are a vital component to sustain the life support system on the earth.Forests in India have been dwindling over the years for a number of reasons, one of it being the need to use forest area for development activities including economic development.Undoubtedly, in any nation development is also necessary but it has to be consistent with protection of environments and not at the cost of degradation of environments.Any programme, policy or vision for overall development has to evolve a systemic approach so as to balance economic development and environmental protection.Both have to go hand in hand.

In ultimate analysis, economic development at the cost of degradation of environments and depletion of forest cover would not be long lasting.Such development would be counterproductive.Therefore, there is an absolute need to take all precautionary measures when forest lands are sought to be directed for non-forest use.

The public trust doctrine was applied in India after M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath case. The Court said that they had no hesitation in holding that the Himachal Pradesh Government committed patent breach of public trust by leasing the ecologically fragile land to the Motel management. Both the lease - transactions are in patent breach of the trust held by the State Government.

The notion that the public has a right to expect certain lands and natural areas to retain their natural characteristic is finding its way into the law of the land. The ancient Roman Empire developed a legal theory known as the “Doctrine of the Public Trust”. It was founded on the ideas that certain common properties such as rivers, sea-shore, forests and the air were held by Government in trusteeship for the free and unimpeded use of the general public.

The Public Trust Doctrine primarily rests on the principle that certain resources like air, sea, waters and the forests have such a great importance to the people as a whole that it would be wholly unjustified to make them a subject of private ownership. The State is the trustee of all natural resources which are by nature meant for public use and enjoyment. The State as a trustee is under a legal duty to protect the natural resources. These resources meant for public use cannot be converted into private ownership. The esthetic use and the pristine glory of the natural resources, the environment and the eco-systems of our country cannot be permitted to be eroded for private, commercial or any other use unless the state find it necessary in good faith, for the public good and in public interest to encroach upon the said resources.

Answer : Hints: The standard for probity in public life should be not only conviction in a criminal court but propriety as determined by suitable independent institutions specifically constituted for the purpose. We have broadly copied the British model of governance. Ministers in British government have had to resign on such minor improprieties. Such principles were upheld and pronounced by Jawaharlal Nehru in the Mudgal case in which the said Lok Sabha Member was expelled by Parliament on 24th September, 1951 even when the Member volunteered to resign. The Mudgal case is often cited as the noblest example of the early leadership’s efforts at setting high standards of conduct in parliamentary life.

There is need to reverse the slide by prescribing stringent standards of probity in public life instead of providing shelter to public figures of suspect integrity behind the argument of their not having been convicted in a court.

The solution to the problem of corruption has to be more systemic than any other issue of governance. Merely shrinking the economic role of the State and officials by resorting to deregulation, liberalization and privatization is not necessarily solution to addressing the problem. All such procedures, laws and regulations that breed corruption and come in the way of efficient delivery system will have to be eliminated to eliminate corruption.

Enforcing the ‘right to information’ in a vibrant way may be the starting point for systemizing corruption removal. Other ways, such as, reducing discretion, inducing greater transparency, assignment of individual accountability and responsibility, revamping system of rewards and punishments, periodic review of the departments and works, behavioral based trainings, improving competition and reducing monopoly, performance based promotions, use of technology at large scale to remove personal errors and keep a check on persons etc. are some improvements that need to be induced in the system to combat corruption.

The focus should be on e-governance and systemic change. An honest system of governance will displace dishonest persons. As Gladstone so aptly said, “The purpose of a government is to make it easy for people to do good and difficult to do evil”.

Answer : Hint: Anti-corruption measures fall into two categories:

1. Prosecutorial and
2. Administrative Sanctions.

The former involves action by the police and courts, under the criminal justice system, and latter by respective vigilance (oversight) departments of the Governments.

Policing is a State matter in India and functions under the administrative control of the State Governments. The Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act was enacted in 1946, laying the foundation for the present day Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) of India. The CBI was set up by a Home Ministry Resolution on 1 April 1963, as the premier anti-corruption agency in India. However, in order to get over the legal constraint of securing an India-wide jurisdiction, it started functioning in a number of States after first getting their consent. With the consent of the State Governments, the CBI now carries out investigations in other States. So, in practice, the CBI works as a Federal Police Force in India on a borrowed mandate from the State Governments.

Apart from the consent route, it can also take up any case in any part of India, if directed by any High Court or the Supreme Court. Initially, the offences that were referred by the Central Government to CBI related only to corruption by Central Government servants. In due course, with the setting up of a large number of Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs), the employees of these Undertakings were also brought under CBI’s purview. Similarly, with the nationalisation of the banks, the public sector banks and their employees also come within the ambit of the CBI.

Agencies entrusted with the Investigation of Corruption cases:

• the CBI at the all India level, subject to the consent of States – It is also the Nodal Agency (NCB) for Interpol in India
• the State Police – Anti-Corruption Bureau; and
• Lokayukts (Ombudsman).

Agencies entrusted with Administrative Sanction (Vigilance/Oversight):

Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) at all-India level – over matters concerning Union Government and Public Sector Undertakings (PSU) employees (CVC also oversees the work of the CBI concerning corruption cases); and

Chief Vigilance Officers (CVOs) in different Government Departments or PSUs like Customs, Income Tax, Banks and Financial Institutions etc.

Public servants in India are governed by a Code of Conduct for reporting transactions above a specified threshold limit, filing Annual Immovable Property Returns, clearance from the Vigilance/Oversight wings in specified situations (such as before posting an officer in a sensitive post, promotion, deputation, foreign visits, prior permission or intimations for certain types of transactions). In the event of violation of the Code of Conduct, public servants are liable to face disciplinary action.

Apart from the Executives, the Code of Conduct is also applied to the legislatures and the judiciary. The candidates for election to the Parliament and the State Legislatures file affidavits with the Election Commission of India, declaring their assets. Ministers also file such returns with the Prime Minister on a regular basis. The judges of the Supreme Court also file returns to the Chief Justice of India, although these are not open to the general public.

The Right to Information Act (RTI) of 2005 has proved to be effective in combating corruption in India.

CVC has also introduced the concept of ‘Integrity Pact’, which is effective from the stage of invitation of bids until completion/execution of the project. It prescribes for Agreements between the prospective bidders/vendors, binding the buyers not to enter into any corrupt practices or exercise corrupt influence. This is monitored by a panel of Independent External Monitors (IEM). There are numerous instructions from the CVC for ensuring transparency in the procurement process, encouraging competition, and fairness in advertisement for tender, and to give adequate time to the bidders to respond etc.

The CVC also issued an Order for Whistle Blowers in 2004 i.e.; Resolution on Public Interest Discloser and Protection of Informer. Whistle Blowers’ Act has been passed to combat corruption at organizational levels.

Answer : Hints: Many civil services’ aspirants have no formal idea about the challenges they may have to face after joining Civil services. So, at the time of joining, they have a high enthusiasm and motivation, but with time, when they need to actually face situations and challenges, these attributes began to subside. Some reasons are:

1. In post-liberalised India, the All-India Services are ordained the role of a facilitator, and not necessarily one of a regulator. This took the sheen off public servants and its pre-eminence in economic decision-making is being encumbered.
2. Regional parties have taken over the reins at the State level and the immediacy of the next election drove the agendas of these parties in power. The officers are made to toe the line of the political bosses. The concept of a “committed bureaucracy” is being encouraged subtly.
3. The cardinal principles of civil service, viz. professionalism, anonymity, integrity and neutrality, are slowly withering.
4. Some Civil servants taking to politics is a detestable phenomenon. This trend severally compromises neutrality during their tenure in service. Traditionally, civil servants were sent as Governors, post-retirement. Now even for this honour civil servants are cultivating politicians unabashedly. Most of the evils perpetuated by ‘to-retire’ civil servants are their craving for post-retirement sinecures. This maligns the image of civil services. Further, the pressure to maintain “political neutrality” suffers.
5. Judicial activism is yet another new dimension. Now, a few high profile cases against the civil servants get so much adverse publicity that it becomes a feed forward mechanism for the judiciary to indulge in more activism.
6. Honest Civil servants shirk to take decisions because of fear of vigilance and other regulatory charges, which never bothers to behave as a guide and facilitator to civil servants.
7. Pressure to perform within limited resources and constraints from seniors and government.

Answer : Hints: Ethical value is the total awareness of the conditioned patterns gathered over million years in the form of knowledge.

Self- knowledge is awareness about one’s own-self, his likes/dislikes, qualities, capabilities, etc. When a person has self-knowledge, then he will know what ‘he own’, what he deserves and what will be appropriate for him. In the light of this knowledge, a person displays appropriate sort of shame and quietness. This may enable him to behave within the dimensions of ethical boundaries while assessing ethical attributes.Awareness of the person’s own values lies at the topmost. Assessing this awareness ensures denying to personal feelings and underlying values. Recognition of personal (own) feelings in relation to situations ahead of them may assess risk with more precision. Confused feelings may make it hard to make ethical decisions.

Knowledge about person’s own private values (individual qualities) may further assist in overcoming ethical dilemma. This may help in situations of cognitive dissonance, where self-values may be judged on the platform of ethical attributes to take action.

Third thing is awareness about person’s own response is a particular situation. If a person is aware of how he reacts/behaves in a particular situation, then he may condition this to take ethical decisions.

Answer : Hints: In present times, Science & Technology pervades all aspects of national life. Today, science and technology has become centre to globalised economy as it fulfills the purpose of being subservient to economic interests.

Ethical issues/concerns in science and technology was strongly evident during 1945 US atomic bomb dropping on Japan. Since then, ethical concerns have been exaggerated, and could be seen in genetic modification (gm), which poses various threats to human society and life.

Sometime, government under the influence of corporate interests, generate public acceptance of the technology with the backing of embedded scientists who support the claim that the technology is safe and beneficial to society.Selective information, misinformation, expensive advertisement, promotion etc. mobilize the public acceptance.

Intellectual property rights (IPRs) is another avenue where huge ethical concerns arise due to manipulation of previous information or presenting that in another way etc.

Unsafe clinical trials, selling technology at very high price and without any cooperation to third world countries, issues arising out of presence of chemicals in food items etc. are other ethical concerns.

There is a need to integrate ethics and values with science and technology and balance profitability with ethics.

Answer : Hints: Civility calls for taking care of oneself and his/her surroundings by being within the ambit of constitution/law of the land.

Humility is related with compassion, love, care and action in a way which do not cause any harm to others (in words or action). It also focuses on collaborative effort rather than individual efforts.

Non – violence means not using any kind of force/aggression while interacting with others.

If we take example of interaction of police force with the society then following things come into mind.

The people should instinctively render than every help and through mutual cooperation they can easily deal with the ever-decreasing disturbances. Quarrels between labour and capital and strikes are few and far between in a non-violent state, because the influence of the non- violent majority is too great to command the respect of the principal elements of society. Similarly there will be no room for communal disturbances.

Answer : Hints: Prior to spread of Christianity, Medieval Ethics was being regulated by Greek ethics which laid emphasis on ‘good man’ and ‘good citizen’. This means that more attention on inner aspect of morality, which was the aspiration of every good human being.

Church laid down that standard of right and wrong has been clearly stated in the Bible, which could be only interpreted by the Church. And hence any question asked in this regard is dangerous and church has the power to punish the individuals. Hence it is amply demonstrated that in the middle ages the teaching of casuistry or applied ethics took a very large place.

Thomas Aquinas, a Dominican monk had very clear conviction about ethics. He was of the view that only with the help of God grace – a free, supernatural gift – could we attain our fullest encounter with our last end in the next life.

Thus the norm of morality for Aquinas then is ultimately God’s eternal law or eternal reason. He was of the opinion that God has a plan for all his creation – not a kind of fatalistically pre-determined one, but rather a vision of creative development, enshrined in the dynamism of every being and directing it to its full flowering.

Answer : Hints: ‘Freedom of will’ is an important human value because it implies both the ability and the freedom of human beings to make right choices according to moral principles. Hence the freedom of will and the moral freedom mean the same thing. It expresses positive faith in human capacity to rise to the highest levels of human growth.

The strong assertion of free will is needed today because a number of theories of human nature deny it. Some of these theories are:

1. Theory of determinism. (Everything is pre-determined);
2. Theory of behaviourism (Freedom is an illusion, responsibility a myth, inner, motivation is irrelevant.
3. Theory of fatalism (Everything is in the hand of fate, determined by ‘God’ alone)

The Indian theory of ‘Karmavad’ rests on a slightly different foundation. It emphasizes that there is a law of causation in the moral world. Every act of ours invariably produces a result to us. The nature of the result depends upon the moral quality of the work. Good acts produce good and pleasurable results and evil acts produce pain and misery. What we sow, we must reap. Thus ‘Karmavad’ grants full moral freedom to the individuals. Hence, ‘Karmavad’ prescribes full human freedom or ‘free will’ to individuals.

Answer : Hints: ‘Society’ has been a much later formation after humans first appeared on earth, and thus egg and chicken analogy should not be brought out in case of individual and society because-Society = Â Individuals. Hence the values of society strictly depend upon the elements which constitute the society i.e., individuals. For making reforms in society, only the values of individuals could be upgraded.

Case Study: A particular town witnessed very bad law and order problems like 'theft', 'burglary', 'dacoity''rioting' etc. People started blaming the system as well as society for this unprecedented deterioration of situation.

A good police officer was posted as Station House Officer of the Town Police Station. Initially he organised good number of work-shops, seminars to make the people aware about the various law and order problems and solicited their cooperation in solving the problems. 'Law and order' Committees were formed in every ward and people started exercising vigilance. Meanwhile the SHO on his part started taking tough measures and within a period of six months, situation got improved. Thus cause of the problems was the 'individuals' and solutions also vest in them.

Answer : Hints: 'Freedom' is regulated or restrained or disciplined by liberty. In other words 'freedom' and discipline are two sides of the same coin. In Sanskrit there is a word, 'Swadheenta'. The word freedom is its Common English equivalent. It is a compound of two portions: Swa + adheenta. This means, to be under one's (swa) own control (adheenta).

Case Study: A civil servant was very particular to reach his office every day 10 minutes before scheduled time. Thus, people had not to wait for him. His habit also brought out a good working culture where his entire office was at the work at 10 A.M. every day. Nothing used to remain pending in the office.

The civil servant was dead honest and very friendly with the people and man-power working with him and in the process; he received their love and affection. His compassionate attitude reduced the miseries and problems of vulnerable section of society.

The officer was hard working and very innovative also.The above case brings following conclusions. The civil servant was free from greed, ego, personal pain, false prestige and hence he was disciplined that brought in him, regularity, punctuality, honesty, compassion, etc.

Answer : Hints: Bentham saw the ethical issues from a more individualistic point of view. His argument was that since society is made up of individuals, it will be sufficient to view the whole subject from the perspective of individual utility-seeking as the basis of ethics. John Stuart Mill went on to add further refinement to Bentham's approach. He stressed.

1. There is also a qualitative difference between pleasures, and not just a quantitative one.
2. He also suggested that what the individual seeks is not his personal or private happiness, but the common happiness of all. What he meant was not just 'the happiness of mankind but rather of all sentient beings'.
3. By enlarging the principle of happiness, probably Mill wanted to include all living beings, thus his theory has created "the foundation of morals".

Case Study: A road is being constructed in a locality; where earlier there were good number of trees and plantations, mostly useful for birds and animals. While constructing the roads, trees had to be cut, causing problems to the many living beings, including damaging the ecology and environment.

The in charge of the project ensured that 10 times more plantations are done along with various pro-environmental measures taken and necessary maintenance works are also done on war footing.

After completion of roads, convenience of people enhanced along with increased plantation and other environmental friendly measures. This shows that Mill's theory is by and large relevant today.

Answer : Hints: The expenditure should not prima facie be more than the occasion demands and that every public servant should exercise the same vigilance in respect of expenditure incurred from public money as a person of ordinary prudence would exercise in respect of the expenditure of his own money.

No authority should exercise his/her power of sanctioning expenditure to pass an order which could be directly to his/her own advantage.

Public money should not be utilized for the benefits of a particular person or section of community unless

1. The expenditure is in pursuance of a recognized policy or custom or (b) A claim to the amount could be enforce in a court of law.

Answer : Hints: In collusive corruption, bribe-giver and bribe-taker act as partners and harm public welfare. The proceeds of corruption are shared by the public official and the private beneficiaries. Public works such as roads, bridges, bridges, buildings, etc. have to be built to the specifications mentioned in the tender documents. The contractor can earn more profit by scaling down standards during execution with the connivance of project engineers.

Answer : Hints: It is a process, in which the details of the resources, financial and non-financial, used by the public agencies for the development initiatives are shared with the people, often through a public platform. It allows people to enforce transparency and accountability, thereby providing the ultimate users an opportunity to scrutinize the development initiatives. The main reason for the push for social audit is the huge disconnect between what the people need, what the government thinks regarding the people’s need, and what is actually done. India being a welfare state, several programmes and policies are implemented for the benefit of people. To implement policies, funds are drawn from the state exchequer. The social control over withdrawal and usage of this fund is called social audit.

Answer : Hints: It can be defined as relatively stable views, either favorable or unfavorable, which individuals or groups have about events, movements, policies and issues in the public sphere. The hierarchical structure of political attitude consists of four tiers. From the base, these are specific opinions and beliefs, habitual opinions, general attitudes and ideology. Ideology consists of a system of general ideas on man and society, centered around one or a few general values, which has manifested itself historically as a doctrine adhered to by some major groups and categories, and which expresses the interests of some important category e.g., a social class.

Ideology orientations are explanation in two ways. First, they are explained by dispositional variables which in turn depend on socio economic variables.

Answer : Hints: People form attitudes by observing people around them. People are particularly influenced by the attitudes of those whom they admire. Children observe the attitude of their parents and imitate their ways of doing things.

It is useful technique for public servants to manage cognitive dissonance by observing and learning from services.

Answer : Hints: The planning process exists to serve the public interest. While the public interest is a question of continuous debate, it requires a conscientiously held view of the policies and actions that best serve the entire community.

Planning issues commonly involve a conflict of values and, often, there are large private interests at stake. These accentuate the necessity for the highest standards of fairness and honesty among all participants. Those who practice planning need to adhere to a special set of ethical requirements that must guide all who aspire to professionalism.

The ethical principles derive both from the general values of society and from the planner's special responsibility to serve the public interest. As the basic values of society are often in competition with each other, so do these principles. For example, the need to provide full public information may compete with the need to respect confidences. Plans and programs often result from a balancing among divergent interests. An ethical judgment often also requires a conscientious balancing, based on the facts and context of a particular situation and on the entire set of ethical principles.

1. Planning process must continuously pursue and faithfully serve the public interest.
2. Planning process participants must continuously strive to achieve high standards of integrity and proficiency so that public respect for the planning process will be maintained

There are seven steps in ethical decision making:

1. Get the facts
2. Identify stakeholders and their positions
3. Consider the consequence of decision
4. Weigh various guidelines and principles
5. Develop and evaluate options
6. Review a decision
7. Evaluate the results of a decision

Answer : Hints: There are trends that have increased the risk of using information technology unethically. Trends that contributing to the risk of using information technology unethically includes:

• Growth of the internet
• Ability to capture and store vast amounts of personal data online
• Greater reliance on information systems

Business needed to be promoted to gain goodwill of the community, to create an organization, which operates conscientiously, to produce good business, to protect the organizations and its employees from legal action and to avoid unfavorable publicity. Public concerns about the ethical use of information technology includes: e-mails and internet access monitoring, peer to peer networks violation of copyrights, plagiarism, cookies and spyware.

Answer : Hints: Self-knowledge refers to the knowledge of one's own sensations, thoughts beliefs, and other mental states. Self-knowledge is a considered necessary for success and inherently an essential good. A self aware person will act completely within his capabilities to his maximum while an ignorant person will flounder and encounter difficulty. A person must become aware of every fact (and its context) relevant to its existence, if he wishes to attain self-knowledge. People do what is good if they know what is right and bad actions or evils are the result of ignorance. For example if a criminal was truly aware of the intellectual and spiritual consequences of his actions, he would never commit nor consider committing those actions. When a person acts in accordance with his nature and realizes his full potential, he will do well and be content. So in this context we can say thatethical values are derived from ones level of awareness about oneself.