Ports, Trade Routes & Harbours in Ancient, Medieval & British India

India’s geographical position — surrounded by the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean — made it the maritime and commercial hub of the Eastern Hemisphere. From the Harappan seaports of Lothal and Dholavira, through medieval ports like Calicut and Cambay, to the British-controlled harbours of Bombay and Calcutta, India’s ports and routes sustained trade, cultural diffusion, and imperial wealth. The evolution of ports and trade routes reflects India’s technological advancement, political control, and integration into global commerce.

Ancient India

Ports and Harbours of the Indus Valley Civilization

  • Lothal (Gujarat) – Earliest known dockyard in the world ....
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