Question : Examine the advancement made in the Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation Act of 2013 over the Land Acquisition Act of 1894.
(2018)
Answer : Land is considered as one of the most prized possession by people of India. It gives a sense of belongingness and supports the survival of the largest section of Indian people. Even today more than half of Indian population survives on land.
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (LARR Act):
Main Features of Act
Clearly defines various types of “public purpose” projects for which, Government can acquire private land:
Question : Discuss the significance and implementation of ‘Recognition of Forest Rights Act, 2006’.
(2018)
Answer : The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, was enacted to protect the marginalised socio-economic class of citizens and balance the right to environment with their right to life and livelihood. It is an Act to recognize and vest the forest rights and occupation in forest land in forest dwelling Scheduled Tribes and other traditional forest dwellers who have been residing in such forests for generations but whose rights ....
Question : Indebtedness among tribal communities.
(2017)
Answer : Landlessness has been arguably the major cause of indebtedness among the agriculturist tribals in India.
The land alienation with its long history has natural consequence of indebtedness, which further lead to dispossession of tribal land. The poverty, land alienation indebtedness and landlessness is working a cyclical way. Economically indebtedness is an outcome of deficit family income and social compulsions.
Since ethnographic study has shown the self-contained tribal life among the hunters and gatherers and their lack of ....
Question : Describe the impact of displacement on the health and nutritional status of tribal communities.
(2017)
Answer : Displacement or resettlement refers to a movement of large numbers of people from the original settlement to a new settlement or when people leave their original place to resettle in a new foreign place where they can begin a new life and adapt to the new biophysical, social and administrative systems of the new environment.
Displacement happens either through their own free will or voluntary and exogenous factors, or is involuntary. Voluntary displacement is due to ....
Question : Social and economic marginalization of tribal people.
(2017)
Answer : Marginalization means when a certain person or a sect of people are made to feel of lesser importance, by those in power. When one class of people is grouped together as second class citizens, this is an example of marginalization. Marginalized persons are forced to the periphery or the edge of society. This, in turn, robs them of the facilities and opportunities enjoyed by the non-marginalized sections of society.
Marginalization starts a chain of events that ....
Question : Bio-genetic variability of Indian tribes.
(2016)
Answer : India is land to tribal population only next to Africa in the world. The Indian tribes hold significant biogenetic variations among themselves due to various origin points, relative isolation and different environmental conditions. The physical nature of the contemporary Indians was unknown till the beginning of last century. Because population of India was extremely complex by the continuous penetration of new racial elements from outside, since the time immemorial. However, anthropologists of twentieth century attempted ....
Question : Explain the difficulties experienced by Scheduled tribes with regard to implementation of the ‘Recognition of Forest Rights Act, 2006’.
(2016)
Answer : There are nearly 200 million tribals and other traditional forest dwellers in India who derive their livelihoods mainly from forest resources. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 was an important and much- needed legislation to:
However, in the absence of proper survey, settlement and ....
Question : Impact of industrialization on scheduled tribe population of Jharkhand.
(2016)
Answer : Jharkhand’s mineral and forestry resources were of keen interest to the colonial economic enterprise, and this situation has changed a little in the post-colonial state. Since independence, Industrialization in India has only grown with a varied pace producing significant changes in the life of Indian people. The rich natural resource base of tribal regions has also attracted many big industries, producing serious existence challenge to many tribes.
Industrialization can be defined as a process of social ....
Question : Discuss how constitutional provisions in India have built-in mechanisms for dealing with the problem of land alienation in tribal areas.
(2015)
Answer : Tribal communities of India reside in hill areas that are rich in minerals and forest cover. Land is the basis of their socio-cultural and religious identity, livelihood and their very existence. Traditionally, ownership of land was by the community and economic activity mainly agrarian, including shifting cultivation, which fostered egalitarian values which influenced their power relations and organizational system. Apart from Rights of all individuals, the Constitution of India provides for positive discrimination for marginalized ....
Question : Discuss the socio-cultural, economic and psychological constraints responsible for low literacy in tribal areas.
(2015)
Answer : Ever since Nehru recognized tribal culture as an autonomous constituent of Indian culture, there has been efforts, under the national democratic ethos, to know about the tribals and their problems. Despite this policy enunciation, tribes as a subject figure insignificantly in the school curriculum.
There is dearth of textbook materials and of advanced knowledge on the tribes.Despite a range of efforts and schemes for tribal education with active NGOs involvement, the education level of tribals is ....
Question : Rights over resources and tribal unrest.
(2015)
Answer : The cycle of deprivation, disconnects and displacement of tribals has led to discontent among the tribals. The increased influence and control of outsiders on resources has broken the relationship of tribals with the nature leading to tribal unrest.
While the resources of other regions have depleted, tribal areas still hold significant mineral and forest resources. India’s 80% coal reserves, 60% iron reserves and many other mineral and non-mineral resources are in tribal areas. Out of 58 ....
Question : Socio Economic characteristics of shifting cultivators.
(2015)
Answer : Shifting cultivation is the method of primitive cultivation that is the primary method for the cultivation and this process is originated from the Neolithic period that in the years between 13,000 to 3,000 B.C.
Shifting cultivation is an agricultural system in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily, then abandoned and allowed to revert to their natural vegetation while the cultivator moves on to another plot. Shifting cultivation/JHUM/PODU is an age-old practice of Indian agriculture.
While on ....
Question : Elwin-Ghurye Debate on Tribes.
(2015)
Answer : Elwin and Ghurye represent the two polar opposite views on tribals and their development. They proposed their views on tribals and the path to be followed for the tribal development. In the 1930s and 1940s there was much debates on the place of tribal societies within India and how the state should respond to them. Many British administrator-anthropologists were especially interested in the tribes of India and believed them to be primitive peoples with a ....
Question : Biogenetic variations of Indian tribes.
(2014)
Answer : India is land to tribal population only next to Africa in the world. The Indian tribes hold significant biogenetic variations among themselves due to various origin points, relative isolation and different environmental conditions. The physical nature of the contemporary Indians was unknown till the beginning of last century. Because population of India was extremely complex by the continuous penetration of new racial elements from outside, since the time immemorial. However, anthropologists of twentieth century attempted ....
Question : Discuss the impact of Land alienation on the tribes of central India.
(2014)
Answer : The history of land alienation among the tribes began during British colonialism in India when the British interfered in the tribal region for the purpose of exploiting the tribal natural resources. Coupled with this tribal lands were occupied by moneylenders, zamindars and traders by advancing them loans, etc. Opening of mines in the heart of tribal habitat and even a few factories provided wage labour as well as opportunities for factory employment.
Scholar like Singh ....
Question : Discuss the impact of globalization on the livelihood of the tribal populations.
(2014)
Answer : Globalisation is a social process in which the constraints of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede and in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding (Waters, 1995). Thus, in the process of globalisation, physical distance and obstacle have become less important in communication and exchange in social (which includes political and economic) and cultural matters.
Globalization is making a considerable impact on all aspect of human life directly or indirectly ....
Question : Forest policy and tribes.
(2014)
Answer : Anthropologists have always been concerned with the relationship between the people they studied and the natural environment. Since the late nineteenth century, the first professional anthropologists focused their research on indigenous people who were directly dependent on natural resources for their survival. In Indian context, the indigenous people/tribals and forests are inseparable phenomenon and, in general, public understanding of both is almost synonymous. The tribals are described as ‘Vanvasi’, means forest dwellers, clearly suggesting the ....
Question : Threat to tribal languages in India.
(2013)
Answer : India is one of the prominent multi-lingual and multi-cultural nations. This multitude of languages reflects India’s lengthy and diverse history spanning over a long period of time.
India has many endangered languages, including about 80 in the Northeast, according to the UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger. While some are critically endangered, others are slightly less. Most of them are tribal languages, especially the Kirata and Nishada family. lndia is a land of rich ....
Question : Linguistic classification of Indian tribes.
(2013)
Answer : Indian tribal groups’ languages are as distinct as their other features. But for ease of study and on the basis of origin, they can be classified into three broad language families, as:
Question : Discuss alternatives for shifting cultivators in the context of ecological costs and humanistic concerns.
(2013)
Answer : Shifting cultivation is generally a part and parcel of socio-cultural life of the tribal people in India and as such all its operations are inseparably linked with their religious rites and festivals. Shifting cultivation/ jhum/ podu is an age-old practice of Indian agriculture. While on mainland it is largely obsolete, but due to lack of other opportunities and technological help it is still practised by some tribal groups despite having high ecological costs and humanistic ....
Question : Impact of sanctuaries and national parks on tribal population.
(2013)
Answer : The growing development projects in today’s globalized world have led to various transnational-social movements. Anthropologists have played a crucial role in addressing the consequences of growing development projects and their impact on environment and human ecology. Due to faster population growth in forest and tribal areas, naturally available forest resources are becoming inadequate for their basic livelihood. Many tribal people are giving up their traditional livelihoods and taking up farming and cattle ranching in the ....
