Question : What is wetland? Explain the Ramsar concept of ‘wise use’ in the context of wetland conservation. Cite two examples of Ramsar sites from India.
(2018)
Answer : A wetland is a place where the land is covered by water, either saline, fresh or somewhere in between. Marshes and ponds, the edge of a lake or ocean, the delta at the mouth of a river, low-lying areas that frequently floods—all of these are wetlands.
Under Article 3.1 of the Ramsar Convention, Contracting Parties agree to “formulate and implement their planning so as to promote the conservation of the wetlands included in the List, and ....
Question : What are the impediments in disposing of the huge quantities of discarded solid wastes which are continuously being generated? How do we remove safely the toxic wastes that have been accumulating in our habitable environment?
(2018)
Answer : Solid waste means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded materials including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural operations, and from community activities.
Impediments in disposing of the huge quantities of discarded solid wastes are:
Question : Describe various measures taken in India for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) before and after signing ‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)’. How is this framework different from ‘Hyogo Framework for Action, 2005’?
(2018)
Answer : Natural disasters in India, many of them related to the climate of India, cause massive losses of life and property. Droughts, flash floods, cyclones, avalanches, landslides brought on by torrential rains, and snowstorms pose the greatest threats.
Major Points of ‘Sendai Framework for DRR (2015-2030)
Question : How does biodiversity vary in India? How is the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 helpful in conservation of flora and fauna?
(2018)
Answer : Biodiversity is defined as ‘the variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems’.
India is one of 12 megadiversity countries of the world. The innumerable life forms harboured by the forests, deserts, mountains, other land, air and oceans provide food, fodder, fuel, medicine, textiles etc. With only 2.5% of the ....
Question : Not many years ago, river linking was a concept but it is becoming a reality in the country. Discuss the advantages of river linking and its possible impact on the environment.
(2017)
Answer : Water scarcity and climate change have forced India to embrace the concept of river-interlinking. Recently, in Polavaram or Pattiseema project arrangements were made to link Godawari with Krishna which will supply water to Krishna. But such project, if implemented at national level, requires careful study of its advantages as well as possible impact on the environment.
River linking is joining of rivers of the country through network of canals and reservoirs. There are many studies to ....
Question : ‘Climate change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change?
(2017)
Answer : Climate change is an effect of global warming due green house gas emission. Different studies point towards projections of 2 - 4°C rise in global temperature which can cause devastating impacts. India being a tropical country may face severity of climate change.
There are various studies and reports about possible impacts on climate change e.g. IPCC, UNFCCC and other. In light of above need to see impact of climate change on India.
How India will be affected
Question : On December 2004, tsunami brought havoc on fourteen countries including India. Discuss the factors responsible for occurrence of tsunami and its effects on life and economy. In the light of guidelines of NDMA (2010) describe the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events.
(2017)
Answer : Tsunami are the harbour waves in sea and ocean which moves at very high speed and brings devastation to island and coastal life.
Factors for Tsunami occurrence
Tsunami waves are generated due to large and sudden underwater movement. Various causes are:
Effect on life and Economy
Question : What is water-use efficiency? Describe the role of micro-irrigation in increasing the water-use efficiency.
(2016)
Answer : Water-use efficiency is the measure of a cropping system’s capacity to convert water into plant biomass. It includes both the use of water stored in the soil and rainfall during the growing season. In the hydrological context, Water-use efficiency has been defined as the ratio of water used productively.
In the Indian context, where agriculture sector corresponds to more than 80% of domestic water use, improving the water-use efficiency is of atmost importance.
Role of Micro-irrigation:
Question : What is allelopathy? Discuss its role in major cropping systems of irrigated agriculture.
(2016)
Answer : Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more biochemicals that influence the germination, growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms. These biochemicals are known as allelochemicals and can have beneficial (positive allelopathy) or detrimental (negative allelopathy) effects on the target organisms and the community.
Role of Allelopathy in major cropping systems:
Question : Rehabilitation of human settlements is one of the important environmental impacts which always attracts controversy while planning major projects. Discuss the measures suggested for mitigation of this impact while proposing major development projects.
(2016)
Answer : Land acquisition, rehabilitation and resettlement are the major hurdles faced while planning big developmental projects. These very hurdles often attract controversy owing to the displacement of thousands of people as we have seen in the case of Tehri Dam, Sardar Sarovar Dam and Posco project.
Question : The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discuss the reasons for urban floods; highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events.
(2016)
Answer : With the changing global climate, the frequency of adverse weather events has also been increased. High intensity rainfall has increased in the past couple of decades owing to the changes in Monsoonal pattern leading to increased frequency of urban floods.
Question : With reference to National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) guidelines, discuss the measures to be adopted to mitigate the impact of the recent incidents of cloudbursts in many places of Uttarakhand.
(2016)
Answer : The unusually heavy cloudbursts centred in Uttarakhand in June, 2013 caused devastating floods and landslides and became the country’s worst natural disaster since the 2004 tsunami. Such adverse and extreme weather events severely impact our society and pose newer challenges to the disaster management agencies.
Due to the peculiar climatic conditions, certain parts of the country experience sudden unprecedented heavy rain referred as cloudbursts. Principal rain bearing meteorological systems that lead to cloudbursts are
Question : To what factors can the recent dramatic fall in equipment costs and tariff of solar energy be attributed? What implications does the trend have for the thermal power producers and the related industry?
(2015)
Answer : Solar energy is not only sustainable, it is renewable and this means that we will never run out of it. It is about as natural a source of power as it is possible to generate electricity. The creation of solar energy requires little maintenance. Once the solar panels have been installed and are working at maximum efficiency there is only a small amount of maintenance required each year to ensure they are in working order. ....
Question : Discuss the Namami Gange and National mission for clean Ganga (NMCG) programmes and causes of mixed results from the previous schemes. What quantum leaps can help preserve the river Ganga better than incremental inputs?
(2015)
Answer : The “Ganga Action Plan” (GAP) was launched for immediate reduction of pollution load on the river Ganga in 1985. In 2008, Ganga was declared a ‘National River’ to achieve the objectives of the clean-up operation. Ganga River Basin Authority was entrusted with the responsibility of planning, implementing and monitoring projects regarding the river.
Question : The frequency of earthquakes appears to have increased in the Indian subcontinent. However, India’s preparedness for mitigating their impact has significant gaps. Discuss various aspects.
(2015)
Answer : The recurrence of a major earthquake on May 12, 2015 - this time measuring 7.3 on the Richter scale - with its epicentre near Kodari in Nepal, barely a fortnight after the devastating temblor in the landlocked country, has once again raised questions about preparedness for such disasters in the subcontinent.
Question : National Urban Transport Policy emphasies on moving people instead of moving vehicles. Discuss critically the success of various strategies of the Government in this regard.
(2015)
Answer : Transport is the heart of urban development and economic activity. However, the current urban transport paradigms, which favor auto-mobility generate multiple social, economic and environmental impacts, and are not sustainable.India’s National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) recognizes and recommends that the focus be moving people not vehicles.
Question : Should the pursuit of carbon-credits and clean development mechanisms set up under UNFCCC be maintained even though there has been a massive slide in the value of carbon credit? Discuss with respect to India’s energy needs for economic growth.
(2015)
Answer : Indian economy is expected to expand at a cumulative aggregate growth rate of 11% until 2020, according to estimates. Its electricity demand is also expected to reach over 350 GW over the next ten years, compared to 119 GW currently. This puts India at a crucial stage in its growth trajectory, faced with the challenge of balancing objectives of economic growth with those of sustainable development. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which helps developing countries ....
Question : Environmental Impact Assessment studies are increasingly undertaken before project is cleared by the Government. Discuss the environmental impacts of coal-fired thermal plants located at Pitheads.
(2014)
Answer : Coal-based power plants significantly impact the local environment. Direct impacts resulting from construction and ongoing operations include:
Question : Drought has been recognised as a disaster in view of its spatial expanse, temporal duration, slow onset and lasting effect on vulnerable sections. With a focus on the September 2010 guidelines from the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), discuss the mechanism for preparedness to deal with the El Nino and La Nina fallouts in India.
(2014)
Answer : El Niño and La Niña events are a natural part of the global climate system. They occur when the Pacific Ocean and the atmosphere above it change from their neutral (‘normal’) state to entropied state in the equatorial peicific region. El Niño events are associated with a warming of the central and eastern tropical Pacific, while La Niña events are the reverse, with a sustained cooling of these same areas.
Question : Write a note on India’s green energy corridor to alleviate the problem of conventional energy.
(2013)
Answer : The green energy corridor will help in integrating renewable energy into the National Grid. It comprises of both inter-state and intra-state schemes for evacuation of power from wind and solar projects.
Question : What do you understand by Run-of-river hydroelectricity project? How is it different from any other hydroelectricity project?
(2013)
Answer : In recent years, run-of-the-river hydropower projects have emerged as a viable, low-impact alternative to existing large-scale projects. Run-of-the-river facilities use conventional hydropower technology to produce electricity by diverting river flow through turbines that spin generators - before returning water back to the river downstream.
Question : How important are vulnerability and risk assessment for pre-disaster management? As an Administrator, what are key areas that you would focus on in a disaster management system?
(2013)
Answer : Disaster management includes those aspect of managing disasters which deals with prediction, prevention, relief, reconstruction and recovery aspects. Among these, vulnerability and risk assessment are the elements which come under the domain of prediction and prevention aspects and comprises of the hinge of disaster management ecosystem.
Question : What are the consequences of Illegal Mining? Discuss the Ministry of Environment and Forests’ concept of GO AND NO GO ZONES for coal mining sector.
(2013)
Answer : The consequences of illegal mining can be of two types; one is economical and other, ecological. While economical aspects deal only with revenue loss to government exchequer, it is ecological aspects which are more alarming.
Its effect can be seen as:
Question : Enumerate the National Water Policy of India. Taking river Ganges as an example, discuss the strategies which may be adopted for river water pollution control and management. What are the legal provisions for handling and managing wastes in India?
(2013)
Answer : National water policy of India focuses on management of surface water as well as ground water, and gives due emphasis on its efficient management. Some of its features are:
Question : Explain the concepts "Environmental Sustainability" and "Sustainable Development of People".
(2012)
Answer : Environmental Sustainability means meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It involves making decisions and taking action that are in the interests of protecting the natural world, with particular emphasis on preserving the capability of the environment to support human life and to sustain global life support systems indefinitely.
Question : Evolution of 'Green Benches' in our higher judiciary.
(2012)
Question : You are stationed in a small district town in the plains of Northern India. The summer has been severe. Suddenly, a colleague, who had been out since morning, returns to the office complaining of headache, restlessness and confusion. Shortly, he becomes unconscious. His body temperature is 40°C. What first aid steps would you take to revive him?
(2012)
Question : Explain briefly the "Clean Development Mechanism" as provided under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
(2012)
Answer : The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), defined in Article 12 of the Protocol, allows a country with an emission-reduction or emission-limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol to implement an emission-reduction project in developing countries to earn saleable certified emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one tonne of CO2, which can be counted towards meeting Kyoto targets.
Question : What is Permaculture? Give at least three common examples where permaculture concepts are being put to use.
(2012)
Answer : The term permaculture meaning permanent agriculture was coined by the Australian ecologist Bill Mollison. It is concerned with designing ecologically sustainable human habitat and food production systems by following specific guidelines and principles. It is a land use planning philosophy based on three ethics: Care of the earth, care of the people and reinvest all surpluses and on three guiding principles i.e. each element of the system performs multiple functions, each desired function of the ....
Question : Analyse critically the interlinkage between the Convention on Biological Diversity and FAO treaty on plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
(2012)
Answer : With population of the world set to touch 9 billion by 2050, and availability of agricultural land diminishing at the same time, the FAO has expressed concern over a looming food crisis. It has been encouraging scientists worldwide to discover solutions to increase productivity of food crops. Genetic manipulation of crops to achieve higher production is being proposed as a solution.
Question : The issue of tourism in core areas of tiger reserve forests in the country is a subject matter of debate. Critically examine various aspects of this issue, keeping in view relevant recent judicial pronouncements.
(2012)
Answer : The Supreme Court recently banned all tourism activities in the core areas of the tiger reserve forests. This led to a debate on two issues. First, regarding the impact of tourism on already diminishing tiger population and second the impact of the ban on tourism industry and whether both the goals of sustaining tiger population as well as sustainable tourism can be achieved.
Question : "As regards the increasing rates of melting of Arctic Sea ice, the interests of the Arctic Council nations may not coincide with those of the wider world." Explain.
(2011)
Answer : That Arctic sea ice is disappearing has been known for decades. The underlying cause is believed by all but a handful of climatologists to be a global warming brought about by greenhouse-gas emissions. Yet the rate at which the ice is vanishing confounds these climatologists' models. These predict that if the level of carbon dioxide, methane and so on in the atmosphere continues to rise, then the Arctic Ocean will be free of floating summer ....
Question : Bring out the salient features of the evolution and the current status of the ‘Bharat Stage’ vehicle emission norms in the country.
(2010)
Answer : Air pollution levels in India are rising, courtesy the rising number of vehicles on roads. Majority of the vehicles on sale in the country are still BS3 (Bharat Stage 3) compliant and the BS4 norms have not been implemented across the entire nation yet. On account of this delay and with a smoother transition to the BS5 emission norms in mind, the same have been delayed to 2021. Meanwhile, India will hop on to BS4+ ....
Question : What are the salient features of the National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan?
(2010)
Answer : National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan: India promulgated National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan (NOS-DCP) in the year 1996. It was approved by Committee of Secretaries to Government of India. Coast Guard was designated as Central Coordination Authority.
NOS-DCP Objectives
Tiered Response ....
Question : Comment on the following in not more than 50 words
(2010)
Question : Comment on the present status of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). What important issues, do you think, need to be taken up at the seventh review conference of the BWC scheduled for 2011?
(2010)
Answer : The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) or Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) was the first multilateral disarmament treaty banning development, production and stockpiling of biological and toxin weapons and providing safe destruction of such weapons.
The BWC was opened for signature on April 10, 1972 and entered into force March 26, 1975 when twenty-two nations ratified it. At present there are 163 states that are party to this convention. As of July, 2008 an additional 13 ....
Question : In the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), distinguish between ‘Annex I’ and ‘Annex II’ counties.
(2010)
Answer : The parties under the UNFCCC have different obligation on whether they are listed in Annex I, Annex II or Non-Annex I. Annex I includes developed (OECD) countries and economies in transition in 1992, Annex II includes OECD member but excludes the countries that were in transition.
Question : Bring out the applications of computer models in studying climate changes, with special reference to the Community Earth System Model (CESM).
(2010)
Answer : Computer models have become a part and parcel of the climatic studies. As these models can greatly simplify the cause-effect relationships among climatic variables, they have been in vogue for quite some time.
Question : Comment on the special components in urban solid waste management in the country.
(2010)
Answer : The objective of solid waste management is to reduce the quantity of solid waste disposed off on land by recovery of materials and energy from solid waste. This in turn results in lesser requirement of raw material and energy as inputs for technological processes.
Functional Elements of Municipal Solid Waste Management
Question : Comment on the recent HFC 23 emissions controversy that includes in its ambit some Indian companies.
(2010)
Answer : One criticism of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is that it sometimes produces perverse incentives to increase rather than decrease emissions. One example concerns the production of HCFC-22, a refrigerant gas commonly used in air-conditioning, which produces HFC-23 (a very potent greenhouse gas) as a by-product. Environmentalists claim that the CDM is incentivising the production of HFCs, and that companies are over-producing HFCs so they can be paid to stop doing it.HFC-23 is 11,700 times ....
Question : What do you understand by 'Biosignatures'? Discuss briefly.
(2009)
Answer : A 'biosignature' is any phenomenon produced by life, either modern or ancient. Due to its unique biogenic characteristics, a definitive biosignature can be interpreted without question as having been produced by life.
Question : Write about Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) and its application.
(2009)
Answer : The Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) is protein composed of 238 amino acids that exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to blue light. GFP traditionally refers to the protein first isolated from the jellyfish aequorea victoria.
Question : Define 'Bioinformatics'. How does it work? What are the major branches and applications?
(2009)
Answer : 'Bioinformatics' is the application of computer science and information technology to the field of molecular biology. The term was coined by Paulien Hogeweg in 1979. Bioinformatics now entails the creation and advancement of databases, algorithms, computational and statistical techniques, and theory to solve formal and practical problems arising from the management and analysis of biological data. Over the past few decades rapid developments in genomic and other molecular research technologies and developments in information technologies ....
Question : IPCC Report on Global Warning
(2009)
Question : What is the meaning and aim of Social Forestry? What are the main weaknesses noticed in Social Forestry Programme?
(2007)
Answer : Social forestry is the forestry by the people and for the people, whose main purpose is to fulfill the needs of forestry which are – manure, food, fruit, fibre and productive capacity. As a whole social forestry's main objective is to reconstruct the ecosystem and conserve the environment. The National Commission for Farmers has determined the following objectives for social forestry –
Question : Explain the phenomenon of ozone depletion, its causes and effects. What efforts are needed to reduce it?
(2007)
Answer : From 20 to 60 km from the earth's surface, a layer exists consisting of Ozone gas (O3) is found. With the help of industrial development human beings have developed a lot and also polluted a lot. As a result a danger to the Ozone layer has arisen. Holes have been found in Ozone layers, and as a result the ultra violet rays have started coming to earth through the holes, which influence badly human beings, ....
Question : What do you understand by the term 'biodiversity'? Examine the causes and consequences of degeneration of biodiversity.
(2007)
Answer : 'Biological diversity' means the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. (Convention on Biological Diversity 1992)
Biodiversity simply means the sum of all of the variation in nature – the kind and number of species, their association into units (communities or ecosystems), or, at another level, the ....
Question : Write a note the UN conference on Environment and Development (The Earth Summit).
(2007)
Answer : In the past two centuries, development process has been adopted extensively. Actually a lot of harm was done on environment. So naturally people started understanding the dangerous consequences of deteriorating environment. Regarding this, to discuss the issues related to environment and conservation of environment was established in Brazil. The Earth Summit was established under the UN. In the UN conference on the Environment and Development (Earth Summit), it was clarified that there is a need ....
Question : Blue Revolution has definite advantages in India but is not free from environmental aspects. Discuss.
(2006)
Answer : There are many revolutions in India in the direction of resource development. One among them was Blue Revolution, which was started in 1970s, to improve the quality and quantity of fish production.Under this revolution several new technologies were applied in the fisheries. Many new species of fishes have been developed to improve the production. For the development of Sea Fishing stress was given in the mechanization of deep-sea fishing. Lighthouse management was upgraded in the ....
Question : Write a note on Bio-refinery versus Fossil fuels.
(2006)
Answer : A bio-refinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power and chemicals from biomass. The bio-refinery concept is analogous to today's petroleum refineries, which produce multiple fuels and products from petroleum. Industrial bio-refineries have been identified as the most promising route to the creation of a new domestic bio based industry.
Question : What is Difference between Green Box Subsidies and Blue Box Subsidies?
(2006)
Question : What is disaster management? Discuss the steps required to tackle natural disasters.
(2005)
Answer : Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters.
Any disaster can interrupt essential services, such as health care, electricity, water, sewage/garbage removal, transportation and communications. The interruption can seriously affect the health, social and economic networks of local communities and countries. Disasters have a major and long-lasting impact ....
Question : Why do environmentalists regard asbestos and polythene as pollutants?
(2005)
Answer : Asbestos and polythene are non-bio-degradable elements i.e. when left to decay they do not degrade as other biotic elements do with the rest of the environment. They stay in their present form for long enough, releasing toxins slowly into the atmosphere and even getting into our food chain eventually.
Question : Causes of soil erosion and its control in India
(2005)
Answer : Causes of Soil Erosion
Land use: Humans play a major role in soil erosion through their use and abuse of natural resources, for example deforestation, grazing, arable land use, faulty farming systems, high crop intensity, housing construction, mining etc.
Climate: The two most important climatic factors having a direct effect on erosion are precipitation and wind velocity. Other climatic factors have an indirect effect on soil erosion, such as water balance, evapotranspiration, temperature and relative humidity. Indirect ....
Question : “Global Warming”-Discuss.
(2004)
Answer : Global Warming is a catch phrase for the increase in the globe’s mean temperature due to build up of atmospheric greenhouse gases and the negative effects of rising temperature like melting glaciers, high levels of oceans or changing precipitation patterns.
Question : Natural Heritage and Cultural Heritage
(2003)
Question : What do you understand by depletion of ozone layer and why is it considered harmful? Name the ozone depleting substances and processes. What international ramifications took place to protect the ozone layer and what was the target agreed upon?
(2003)
Answer : Depletion of ozone layer: The loss of ozone molecules is known as the depletion of the ozone layers and this loss of ozone molecules reduces the ability of the stratosphere to filter out harmful UV rays.
Question : How has the dwindling of barbed variety of rice affected the Siliguri-Bagdogra belt with respect to man-animal conflict?
(2002)
Question : What is Integrated Wasteland Development Programme?
(2002)
Question : Write briefly about Desert Development Programme.
(2002)
Answer : Desert Development Programme was started in 1977-78 with the objective ofControlling desertification of the desert areas through integrating and dovetailing other related state/central programmes.
Question : Plastic hazards. Discuss.
(2002)
Answer : Plastics are prepared from non-biodegradable material. No virus or bacteria consume them so that they could be recycled in the ecological system.
Question : Discuss about ‘Environment’, its components and its awareness.
(2002)
Answer : Environment is the surrounding in which living and non-living beings interact and interchange nutrients and energy.
Question : What does the Montreal Protocol deal with? Discuss its role in protecting Earth’s environment.
(2001)
Answer : Montreal Protocol was signed in 1987. Its objective was to control and ultimately ban the production of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS).
Question : Discuss the significance of Kyoto Protocol. Why is USA not signing it?
(2001)
Answer : The Hague Climatic Conference held on November 15, 2000, collapsed, as there was no consensus on the issues it sought to resolve. The conference was convened to shape the modalities of a plan that would ensure that countries reach the quantified targets that they committed at Kyoto, Japan in 1997 to reduce consumption of Green house gases responsible for global warming. The Kyoto protocol enjoins the industrialised countries to limit and reduce their emissions by ....
Question : What is green GNP?
(2001)
Answer : We are now talking about Gross Environmental Product along with Gross National Product. Green GNP relates to all those products which are environment friendly. Stress on this aspect has been given in Doha ....
Question : What is wasteland? Write a note on prospects of waste land development in India.
(2000)
Question : There is a wide-spread concern about the degradation of environment and the problems that go with it. Assess the international response.
(2000)
Answer : Rapid rate of urbanization, industrialization and modernization since decades have given birth to degradation of environment and lot of problems going with it, there by endangering the human sustainability on this earth.
Question : What is water harvesting? Describe its relevance in the Indian context.
(2000)
Answer : Water harvesting means saving the rain water with proper scientific methods to be used in future. In India, Rain pours instead of rainfall and that also within a short time span of 3 to 4 months of monsoon regime.
