Science & Technology

Answer : In quantum statistics, Bose–Einstein Statistics (or more colloquially B–E Statistics) is one of two possible ways in which a collection of non-interacting indistinguishable particles may occupy a set of available discrete energy states, at thermodynamic equilibrium. The aggregation of particles in the same state, which is a characteristic of particles obeying Bose–Einstein statistics, accounts for the cohesive streaming of laser light and the frictionless creeping of super fluid helium. ....

Answer : Biotechnology is a broad discipline in which biological processes, organisms, cells or cellular components are exploited to develop new technologies. New tools and products developed by biotechnologists are useful in research, agriculture, industry and the clinic.

Growing at a faster pace, in comparison with the previous years, the Indian biotech industry witnessed year on year growth of 57.14 per cent in financial year 2016; the total industry size stood at US$ 11 billion by financial year ....

Answer : India’s dependence on imported energy resources and the inconsistent reform of the energy sector are challenges to satisfying rising demand. The 2017 edition of BP’s Energy Outlook projected India’s energy consumption rising by 129% between 2015 and 2035. It predicts that the country’s energy mix will evolve very slowly to 2035, with fossil fuels accounting for 86% of demand in 2035, compared with a global average of 78% (down from 86% today).

Electricity production using nuclear ....

Answer : India is much advanced in health research and advanced treatment on which Medical tourism industry of India is flourishing in the world. India has advanced in stem cell therapy also which has many advantages over other treatments.

Stem cell therapy is the use of undifferentiated stem cells to treat or to prevent any disease or condition. Stem cells can also be used as a renewable source of replacement cells and tissue for damaged or diseased one. ....

Answer : To critically examine huge success of unmanned space mission but lesser achievements by India in manned space mission, one aspect must be kept in our mind. That aspect is: Indian space mission is driven by motive of large socio-economic benefits rather than elite scientific achievements only. So, the obstacles to manned space mission should not be looked as inability.

Various obstacles to India’s manned space mission

First of all, the manned space mission has very limited socio-economic ....

Answer : Indian government understood the importance of nuclear science and technology very early. Despite being a poor country, India pursued this field due to its diverse benefits in medicine, Particle science, archaeology, nuclear power, agriculture, industry, etc.

Growth and development of nuclear science and technology in India:

• Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha was the pioneer for India’s Nuclear development. In 1954, Department of Atomic Energy was set up by him. BARC was also set up in 1954.
• Development of nuclear ....

Answer : With an overall installed capacity of 330 GW, India has the fifth largest power generation port folio in the world. In that, renewable energy sources account for 57GW (17.27%) of the total energy basket.

• Among the renewable energy sources, wind energy accounts for 56.2%, solar energy 21.75%, small hydro power 7.6%, biomass power 14.23% and waste to power 0.19%.
• India aims to achieve 175GW of renewable power by 2022 of which 100GW will be solar power, 60GW ....

Answer : Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in its 48 years of existence has been true to its vision statement ‘harness space technology for national development while pursuing space science research and planetary exploration’. The wide array of achievements of ISRO can be broadly classified into:

1.Launch Vehicles

Launch Vehicle Programme initiated in 1960’s and 1970’s resulted in the development of sounding rockets and by 1980’s satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) and Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV). But it is ....

Answer : Nanotechnology is the fabrication of matter on an atomic, molecular and supra molecular scale to create large scale materials, where unique phenomena enables novel applications. This engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale is considered as one of the key technologies of 21st century as it has the potential to tap the progress in chemistry, physics, material science and biotechnology.

Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology: (a)Bottom up approach where materials and devices are ....

Answer : As defined by the United States Government, the GPS Precise Positioning Service (PPS) is a positioning and timing service provided by way of authorized access to ranging signals broadcast at the GPS L1 and L2 frequencies. The L1 frequency, transmitted by all Navstar satellites, contains a coarse/acquisition (C/A) code ranging signal, with a navigation data message, that is available for peaceful civil, commercial, and scientific use; and a precision (P) code ranging signal with a ....

Answer : The areas of prohibitive labour are those areas where human laborers should not be working due to many physiological, social, ethical and scientific reasons and can be sustainably managed by robots, due to their commodity nature i.e they are just human creations. The area of work, where human life and health is at danger and human response is delayed due to safety concerns, is where robots found profound utility.

• For example, mining work in underground mines, ....

Answer : Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. Cloud computing refers to both the applications delivered as services over the Internet and the hardware and systems software in the datacenters that provide those services.

• A typical cloud hosting offers many benefits like reliability. ....

Answer : India is the only country in the world to have set up an institutional mechanism - the TKDL - to protect its Traditional Knowledge (TK). Designed as a tool to assist patent examiners of major intellectual property (IP) offices in carrying out prior searches, the TKDL is a unique repository of India’s traditional medical wisdom. The TKDL enables prompt and almost cost-free cancellation or withdrawal of patent applications relating to India’s TK.

• TKDL provides information on ....

Answer : Universities are knowledge based organizations whose functions are largely confined to teaching and research. They are designed to operate to discover and disseminate knowledge by possessing significant and relevant expertise in all disciplines. India has a vast structure of education and its higher education sector is now highly advanced, compared to its neighboring countries. The widespread impression among students is that unlike professional courses, a career in basic science is not lucrative.

• Universities have long abandoned ....

Answer : Antimicrobial resistance is one of the major public health problems especially in developing countries where relatively easy availability and higher consumption of medicines have lead to disproportionately higher incidence of inappropriate use of antibiotics and greater levels of resistance compared to developed countries. In India, the infectious disease burden is among the highest in the world and recent report showed the inappropriate and irrational use of antimicrobial agents against these diseases, which led to increase ....

Answer : Airspace is the area or portion of the atmosphere above a country’s territory that is controlled by that country. This includes the airspace above a country’s territorial waters.

• Under international law, a country’s airspace is considered to be 12 nautical miles out from the coastline of the nation. However, there is no international agreement on how far a country’s airspace extends vertically towards outer space. Airspace that does not fall within the territory of any particular ....

Answer : It is a formulation including two or more Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) combined in single dosage form, which is manufactured and distributed in certain respective fixed doses. It was initially used in Anti Retro Viral (ARV) therapy wherein second line and third line drugs are administered along with first line drugs and which target different aspects of a disease for example, improving resistance against the disease, and improving immunity system, etc helps tackle disease effectively.

Merits ....

Answer : The Umpire Decision Review System (UDRS) is a technology-based system used in the sport of cricket. The system was first introduced in Test cricket, for the sole purpose of reviewing controversial decisions made by the on-field umpires in the case of a batsman being dismissed or not.

There are basically three components in UDRS. They are:

• Hawk-Eye, Eagle Eye, or Virtual Eye: Ball-tracking technology that plots the trajectory of a bowling delivery that has been interrupted by ....

Answer : A digital signature is a mathematical scheme for demonstrating the authenticity of a digital message or document. It uses digit like 0, 1 to create a signature. It enjoys a type of “Asymmetry cryptography”.

Its authentication means that message has not been altered in transit and it provides a sort of “integrity”. A valid digital signature gives a recipient reason to believe that the message was created by a known sender, such that the sender cannot ....

Answer : Additive manufacturing or 3D printing is a process of making a three-dimensional solid object of virtually any shape from a digital model. 3D printing is achieved using an additive process, where successive layers of material are laid down in different shapes. 3D printing is also considered distinct from traditional machining techniques, which mostly rely on the removal of material by methods such as cutting or drilling.

Advantages of this technology are as follow:

1. Wide manufacturing options.
2. Rapid Prototype.
3. Reduced ....

• FRP stands for Fiber Reinforced Polymer. FRP composite material is made of polymer matrix reinforced with fibers wherein fibers usually consists of glass, carbon or basalt and polymer consists of epoxy, phenyl formaldehyde, resins, etc.
• Manufacturing of FRP takes place through various processes like weaving, knitting, braiding and stitching.
• They find high application in aviation and automobile industries, as they are used for program that demands weight savings, precision engineering, finite tolerance and simplification of processes in both productions and ....

Answer : The term Innovation refers to a process of evolution of new ideas that lead to development of novel hypothesis, discoveries, technology and business.

• The growth of mankind as well as society as a whole is a dialectical process of innovation. But, innovation does not happen in a vacuum, it is the result of a complex interplay of dynamics among various players such as Government, Firms, Schools/ Education and Research Institutions, Finance, Individual Innovators (Education policy at ....

Answer : Endosulfan is an off-patent organochlorine insecticide and acaricide, classified as a yellow label (highly toxic) pesticide by the Central Insecticides Board. It became a highly controversial agrichemical due to its acute toxicity, potential for bioaccumulation, and role as an endocrine disruptor. Because of its threats to human health and the environment, a global ban on the manufacture and use of endosulfan was negotiated under the Stockholm Convention in April 2011.

• This has a special significance for ....

Answer : Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR TB) is caused by an organism that is resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin, the two most potent TB drugs. In order to advocate measures for prevention of spread of MDB-TB, it is important to understand the cause of spread of the same. Resistance to anti-TB drugs can occur when these drugs are misused or mismanaged. Examples include when patients do not complete their full course of treatment; when health-care providers ....

Answer : With the pace of development and the size of population, China and India are being projected as the biggest consumers of energy in future. Energy security is thus one of the prime agendas of the government. With the current consumption pattern globally, it is being forecasted that oil would last only for the next 20 years. Coal reserves are also diminishing very quickly. Naturally the cost for these non renewable sources of energy would sky ....

• The French earth observation satellite SPOT 6 launched through Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle-C21 (PSLV-C21) from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre on 9th September, 2012 is India's 100th space mission since it launched its first - Aryabhatta in 1975.
• SPOT 6 is a French Earth Observation Satellite capable of imaging the earth with a resolution of 1.5 meter. This latest generation optical remote sensing satellite is built by Astrium SAS, a leading European space technology ....

Answer : Agricultural biotechnology and plant genomics are being proposed as the panacea to the food security challenge that the world faces due to increasing population and diminishing availability of land for agriculture.

• Genes are considered destiny, the makeup of a plant is embedded in its genes. So by modifying the genes, one can modify destiny. Some experiments have proved extremely successful in this arena. Cotton is the best example. BT cotton has replaces traditional cotton completely in ....

Answer : As jobs became scarce due to global recession, U.S launched a slew of protectionist measures to save the jobs only for Americans and not letting them flow out to people from developing countries. India and Philippines are the largest destination of US outsourced jobs especially in the IT and BPO sector. US President Barack Obama recently proposed curbing tax breaks for outsourcing companies in the US set alarm bells ringing in the Indian IT sector.

• American ....

Answer : "Assisted Reproductive Technology" means all techniques that attempt to obtain a pregnancy by handling or manipulating the sperm or the oocyte outside the human body, and transferring the gamete or the embryo into the reproductive tract. It is estimated that worldwide around 15 % of the women are infertile i.e. they cannot conceive a child. This technology is a blessing for couples who cannot conceive a child naturally. But it is fraught with few biological, ....

Answer : Doping is the use of substances such as anabolic steroid or erythropoietin or techniques such as blood doping to improve the performance in sports. Commonly used doping substances are 1. Erythropiten 2. Anabolic steroids 3. Human growth hormone 4. Synthetic oxygen carriers5. Insulin. The use of these substances to improve the performanceisfraught with serious side effects like high blood pressure, abnormal functioning of liver, kidney failures, alterations in menstrual cycle, decline in sperm production, hypertension, ....

• The Curiosity Rover is a car sized robotic rover exploring Gale Crater as a part of NASA Mars Science Laboratory Mission (MSL). The mission is aimed at finding out whether life has ever existed on mars, existence of microbial life and geology and climate and planetary processes. Within this these broad objectives the goal of the mission is among the other things: determining Martian surface mineralogy and near surface geology, the essential building blocks of life, current state and distribution ....

• Sequoia, world's fastest super-computer, is IBM's third generation Blue Gene Family of Supercomputers. It is based on Linux operating system, operating at the speed of 16.32 peta flops. Its working is based more on architecture and parallelism not on Moore's law to achieve speed.
• Sequoia is primarily water cooled and energy efficient. It consists of 96 racks; 98,304 compute nodes; 1.6 million cores; and 1.6 petabytes of memory. It uses 1.6 million IBM Power processors.
• Sequoia is primarily intended to provide ....

• Vaccination for Human Papilloma Virus is ideally suited for women between 9 to 26 years and men between 13 to 21 i.e. at pre-sexually active stage of life. Vaccination for the HPV prevents the occurrence of cervical cancer and some other less common cancers like cancers of anus, penis, vagina, valve and oropharynx and genital ....

• It is developed for small scale application to convert municipal organic solid waste such as kitchen waste, paper, grass, gobar and dry leaves to biogas. It offers Zero garbage and Zero effluent and provides high quality manure and methane gas. ....

• When a person faints, position him on his back
• Check to see if airways are clear
• Restore blood flow by Loosening clothing/belts/collars
• Elevate feet above head level
• If fainting is due to low blood sugar, give the person something sweet to eat or ....

• The indigenous fighter jet engine 'Kaveri' will be used for powering the home-grown fifth generation Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA). It is proposed to develop production version Kaveri (K10) engine on co-design and co-development basis with Snecma of France. ....

• Molecular breast imaging (MBI) is a new nuclear medicine technique that utilizes small semiconductor-based cameras in a mammographic configuration to provide high-resolution functional images of the breast. Key studies have confirmed that MBI has a high sensitivity for the detection of small breast ....

Answer : Advantages

• Cost efficient – lower costs of distributing cash than commodity based alternatives.
• Choice – cash allows recipients to decide what they should spend the money on.
• Multiplier effects – distributing cash can stimulate production and trade in e.g. agriculture.
• Avoids disincentive effects – unlike commodities (food, shelter) cash is unlikely to discourage local trade or production.
• Fewer costs for recipients – cash costs less than food to transport from the distribution site to recipients’ homes.

Disadvantages

• Inflationary risks – if an ....

Answer : A plasma TV has a sheet of individual plasma cells, which get activated when electricity is passed to the TV. It works on the principle of release of UV photon when the excited mercury electron comes back to the normal state. An LCD TV, on the other hand, has liquid crystal between the display panels of the TV, which gets activated when an electric current is supplied to it. As LCD panels produce no light ....

Answer : Cloud Computing is a technology that uses the internet and central remote servers to maintain data and applications. This technology allows for much more efficient computing by centralizing storage, memory, processing and bandwidth.

A cloud service has three distinct characteristics: it is sold on demand, typically by the minute or the hour; it is elastic - a user can have as much or as little of a service as they want at any given time; and ....

Answer : Nanotechnology could revolutionize all the three key areas of healthcare: Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment giving rise to an emerging discipline called “nanomedicine”. Nanotechnology will help medical professionals in medical issues such as repairing of damaged organs, diagnosis and treatment of cancer cells, removal of obstructions in the brain, creation of new and better drugs, creation of artificial tissues, etc.

• Nanotechnology can successfully be used to monitor a patient’s health. Many applications allow to quantify different health ....

Answer : (a) Craig Venter: DR. J. CRAIG VENTER is regarded as one of the leading scientists of the 21st century for his invaluable contributions in genomic research, most notably for the first sequencing and analysis of the human genome published in 2001 and the most recent and most complete sequencing of his diploid human genome in 2007. He is the Co-Founder and CEO of Synthetic Genomics Inc; as well as Founder and President of the J. ....

Answer : (a). Chandrayaan 2, India’s second mission to the Moon, is an advanced version of the previous Chandrayaan-1 mission. It consists of an Orbiter, Lander and Rover configuration. It is planned to be launched as a composite stack into the Earth Parking Orbit (EPO) of 170 X 18,500 km by GSLV-Mk II. The Orbiter carries the combined stack up to moon till the Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI). The combined stack is then inserted into a lunar ....

• Recently India celebrated the golden anniversary of the Doordarshan (2009). India as no other media faculty has changed the Indian society more than Television. Launched in the year 1959 as AN experimental model with the assistance of USA, Television grew slowly in India for the next two decades and the telecast were mostly in black and whites. With the advent of the Asiad games in 1982 Indian Television became colourful. Nothing captivated the Indian society like the daily soap-opera "Humlog" ....

• INS Arihant is the country's first indigenously built nuclear submarine that has put India into the elite club of US, Russia, China, France and the UK with similar capabilities. It is powered by an 85 megawatt capacity nuclear reactor and can acquire surface speeds of 22 to 28 kmph (12-15 knots) and submerged speed up to 44 kmph (24 knots). It can carry torpedoes and missiles including 12 ballistic missiles. The launch of the submarine has enhanced reputation of India ....

Answer : The 'Hubble Space Telescope' (HST) is a space telescope that was carried into orbit by the space shuttle in April 1990. It is named after the American astronomer Edwin Hubble. The Hubble is one of the largest, most versatile and well-known space telescope for vital research in astronomy. The HST is the collaboration between NASA and the European Space Agency, and is one of NASA's Great Observatories, along with the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, the ....

• DNA Fingerprinting is a technique, by which an individual can be identified at molecular level. The technique was developed in 1984 by the British geneticist Alec Jeffreys. Jeffreys determined that each organism has a unique pattern of 'mini satellites' in their chromosomes and the only exception being identical twins.
• The technique has made it possible to identify the source of biological samples found at scenes of crime, resolve disputes of maternity /paternity, identification of mutilated remains, identification of rape/murder and missing ....

• Nanotechnology, shortened to 'nanotech', is the study of the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scales of the size 100 nanometers or smaller and involves developing materials or devices within that size. The materials used are microprocessors, Giant magnetoresistance-based hard drives, nanoelectro mechanical systems or NEMS and Atomic force microscope tips.
• Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in medicine, electronics and energy production, chemistry and environment, ....

Answer : Graphene is a one-atom-thick planar sheet of sp2-bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice. The name comes from Graphite + -ene. The carbon-carbon bond length in graphene is about 0.142 nm. Graphene is the basic structural element of some carbon allotropes including graphite, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes.

Three of its applications are:

1. Integrated circuits.
2. Transparent conducting electrodes: Graphene's high electrical conductivity and high optical transparency make it a candidate for transparent conducting electrodes, ....

• An 'optical frequency comb' is a very precise tool for measuring different colours-or frequencies-of light. The technology, made possible by recent advances in ultrafast lasers, can accurately measure much higher frequencies than any other tool. Frequency combs are already widely used in metrology laboratories and physics research, and they are starting to become commercially available.
• They also are making it possible to build optical atomic clocks, detection of toxic biochemical agents, studies of ultrafast dynamics and quantum computing. As scientists continue ....

Answer : Telemedicine is an upcoming field in health science arising out of the effective fusion of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) with Medical Science having enormous potential in meeting the challenges of healthcare delivery to rural and remote areas besides several other applications in education, training and management in health sector. Besides this other advantages of telemedicine are:

• Eliminate distance barriers and improve access to quality health services
• In emergency and critical care situations
• Facilitate patients and ....

Answer : (a) Artificial Sun: Artificial Sun refers to a process whereby the ongoing nuclear fusion process inside the Sun's surface in replicated in the earth to develop nuclear energy. Inside the Sun in the presence of very high temperature, hydrogen molecules combine to form Helium and during that process huge amount energy is released. Nuclear fusion occurs naturally in stars. Artificial fusion in human enterprises can be possible in the few tokamak-type reactors. For that huge ....

Answer : The potential of biotechnology has begun to emerge from the 20th century. After the full knowledge of human genomes is available, biotechnology is going to play a major role in shaping the future drug discovery, drug delivery, diagnostic methodology, clinical trials.

• Bioengineering is the application of engineering principles to address challenges in the field of biology and medicine, as a study, it encompasses biomedical engineering and it is related to biotechnology.
• Bioengineering applies engineering principles to ....

Answer : The Indian National Satellite Systems (INSAT) is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in the Asia-Pacific region. In the 1980’s, it initiated a major revolution in India’s communications sector and sustained the same later.

• The satellites of INSAT system, which are in service today, are INSAT-2E, INSAT-3A, INSAT-3B, INSAT-3C, INSAT-3E, KALPANA-1, GSAT-2, EDUSAT, and INSAT-4A. The system provides a total of about 175 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku-bands. Being a multipurpose ....

Answer : Internet Protocol Television is a system where a digital television service is delivered using Internet Protocol over a network infrastructure.

Advantages

• It has the ability to integrate television with other IP-based services like high speed internet access and VoIP.
• It allows for the delivery of significantly more content and functionality.
• In a Typical TV or Satellite network using broadcast Video technology, all the content constantly flows downstream to each customer and the customer switches the content at the set-top ....

Answer : Spintronics a neologism meaning “spin transport electronics”, also known as “magnetoelectronics, is an emerging technology which exploits the intrinsic spin of electronics and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to its fundamental electronic charge, in solid-state devices.

• The storage density of hard drives is rapidly increasing along an exponential growth curve, in part because spintronics-enabled devices like GMR (giant magnetoresistance) device and TMR (Tunnel magnetoresistance) sensors have increased the sensitivity of the read head which measures ....

Answer : Wi-Fi is the trade name for the popular wireless technology used in home networks, mobile phones, video games and other electronic devices that require some form of wireless networking capability.

• Wi-Fi technologies are supported by nearly every modern personal computer operating system, most advanced game consoles and laptops, and many printers and other peripherals.
• The purpose of Wi-Fi is to provide wireless access to digital content. This content may include applications, audio and visual media, internet connectivity, ....

Answer : The structure of a robot is usually mostly mechanical and is called a kinematic chain (it’s functionally similar to the skeleton of human body). The chain is formed of links (its bones), actuators (its muscles) and joints which can allow one or more degrees of freedom.

Some robots use open serial chains in which each link connects the one before to the one after it. Robots used as manipulators have an end effectors mounted on the ....

Answer : (a) Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC) is an autonomous organization under the Department of Science and Technology, established in February 1988.

• TIFAC aims to keep a technology watch on global trends and formulating preferred technology options for India.

(b) Gene doping is defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency as “the non-therapeutic use of cells, genes, genetic elements, or of the modulation of gene-expression, having the capacity to improve athletic performance.”

(c) Sappan Wood or ....

• Stealth technology is a technology which can be used in making fighter planes, water vehicles and missiles etc. In stealth technology the vehicles or missiles are focused in such a way that their location or the outer signal cannot be traced by the radar or IRST etc. and the stealth technology produces wrong information also regarding the location of the vehicle or missile. If the stealth technology is used in the right way then it becomes difficult to trace the ....

Answer : The American government started a project called the human genome project in 1988. The main objective of this project was to find the full structure of human genes. After that the human genome project kept the target in front of it to know about the protein made by human genes. As a result it would be possible to find out the presence, decreasing number and faults of genes and likewise it would be possible to ....

Answer : For defence purposes, India started missile development programme in 1983 and the responsibility to implement this was given to Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). India has been achieving in missile development, and through this India has achieved both technical and strategic development mentioned in missile development programme. Today, India has long-distance and medium-distance missiles namely Agni and Prithvi respectively. Agni has three versions, viz. Agni I, Agni II and Agni III which can face ....

Answer : This software is made to harm any computer system. Computer users are unknown to the term malware and many a times they misunderstand it with ....

Answer : Nanotechnology is a ubiquitous technology with a potential to impact on every aspect of science, technology and education. Nanotechnology is producing many revolutionary, applications such as: quantum computing, surface and materials modification, novel separations and sensing technologies, and human biomedical replacements. Interfacing materials with biology is widely believed to be the exciting new frontier for nanotechnology. The importance of nanotechnology is evident from the interest shown by governments around the world.

• Many major studies have been ....

Answer : An optical computer is a computer that uses bound electrons in isolating crystals instead of free electrons in transistors for computation. Its digital signals are modulated onto a carrier wave in the visible region. No modulator or demodulator exists, because the base band offers only 10 GHz bandwidth whereas the visible band offers to THz. It is similar to performing digital computation by a radio.

• A more practical limit is the crystal. Current crystals need light ....

Answer : Reverse osmosis is the process of pushing a solution through filler that traps the solute on one side and allows the pure solvent to be obtained from the other side. More formally, it is the process of forcing a solvent from a region of high solute concentration through a membrane to a region of low solute concentration by applying a pressure in excess of the osmotic pressure.

• This is the reverse of the normal osmosis process, ....

Answer : Internet search engines (e.g. Google, AltaVista) help users find web pages on a given subject. The search engines maintain databases of web sites and use programs (often referred to as "spiders" or "robots") to collect information, which is then indexed by the search engine.

• Similar services are provided by "directories", which maintain ordered lists of websites, e.g. ....

• Thin film memory is a high-speed variation of core memory developed by Sperry Rand in a government-funded research project. Instead of threading individual ferrite cores on wires, a thin film (4 millionths of an inch thick) of iron-nickel alloy (called permalloy) was deposited as small dots (using a mask) on small glass plates by vacuum evaporation ....

• A branch of computer science that studies how to endow computers with capabilities of human intelligence. For example, speech recognition is a problem being worked on by Artificial Intelligence (AI) ....

• A hacker is someone who creates and modifies computer software including computer programming, administration, and security-related items.
• The term usually bears strong connotations, but may be either favorable or denigrating depending on cultural ....

Answer : The use of Robotic arms is the result of IT. In this technical expertise robots perform the work of operation in operation theatres and are guided and directed by the doctor sitting at the centre. This phenomenal achievement has spared time and made available the facilities at different centres by a single doctor.

• The IT has also brought into vogue the Telemedicine which has been extensively used in Tamil Nadu.
• It is the outcome of the coming ....

Answer : Digital convergence is the bridging up of the digital divide by the diffusion of technology to the different regions and stratum of the country so as to bring the benefits of information technology and communication for every common man with the rapid rise of IT in India and its allied components like satellite TU, mobile phones, etc. there has been seen a greater need to bring the common man to reap the benefits of modern ....

• When human cloning is used for not creating babies but to develop medicine-it is called therapeutic cloning. In South Korea, researches have claimed to successfully cloned a human embryo and then culled from it master cells. It could be used for customised cure for diabetes, parkinson's disease and other diseases. Therapeutic cloning, in principle works when the women provides the egg and the DNA comes from a different person. Researchers believe stem cells can provide us with a ready supply ....

Answer : Latest technological innovations expanding the uses of hydrogen has made it the fuel of the future. Its use in nuclear energy, space technology and spin-off in defence and health is coming handy.

• Hydrogen is the energy carrier for the future. It is a clear fuel that can be used in places where it is hard to use electricity. Sending electricity long way, costs four times as much as shipping hydrogen by pipeline. Hydrogen can be produced ....

Answer : The electrical resistance of a metal or alloy is a function of temperature, decreasing as the temperature falls & tending to a constant low value at ‘absolute zero’ or 0°K or –273°C. It is found that for certain metal and alloys (e.g. lead, vanadium, tin) the electrical resistivity drops suddenly to zero, in the neighbourhood of a few degrees above absolute zero. This phenomenon is known as superconductivity.

Application

1. Large Scale Applications: Transmission of Power: One ....

Answer : The controlled use of biological agents, such as, micro organisms or cellular components for beneficial use is known as Biotechnology.

Applications of Biotechnology are as follows:

Agriculture: (a) Genetic Engineering leading to transformation followed by regeneration of plant to give ‘transgenic plants’ carrying desirable traits like disease resistance etc. (b) Use of Biofertilizers such as Rhizobium & Blue-Green algae instead of chemical fertilizers prevents loss to environment.

• Animal Husbandry: Including production of physiological systems, embryo transfer technology & ....

Answer : Laser is a device that produces an intense, coherent and highly directional beam of a single frequency light. It can be transmitted over great distances without being spread.

Application

Defence

• Lasers are used to find the target, and to measure the range of targets accurately thus enabling first hit capability.
• Used for illuminating targets for missiles equipped with electro optic sensors.

Information Technology

• Information is transferred from the source to the destination by means of optical fiber cables. Advance communication takes ....

Answer : (a) Anthrax: Anthrax is primarily an infectious bacterial disease of animals which grows at a very fast rate in environment and affects human beings i.e. mainly respiratory system.

(b) Radiation and its effects: Radiation of invisible rays from radioactive elements is called radiation. Radiation finds use in agriculture to develop new mutants, for improved yields and better pest resistance and also in medicine and industry. It also causes skin disease as well as cancer.

(c) Genome: In ....

Answer : Sympathetic Haptics uses a data glove to sense the pressure being applied by a user to every part of that user’s hand and fingers. The system can then broadcast those feelings over the Internet to another user wearing the same type of ....

Answer : Features of Linux are:

1. Full multitasking and 32-bit support
2. (GNU software support
3. TCP/IP networking support
4. Virtual memory and shared ....

• The operating system is the first program loaded into the computer as it boots, and it remains in memory at all times thereafter. This is responsible for allocating system resources, including memory, processor time, disk space and peripheral devices such as printers, modems and the ....

Answer : An Internet worm is type of malicious software (malware) that self-replicates and distributes copies of itself to its network. These independent virtual viruses spread through the Internet, break into computers, and replicate without intervention from and unbeknownst to computer users. Internet worms can be included in any type of virus, script or program. These worms typically infect systems by exploiting bugs or vulnerabilities that can often be found in legitimate software. Unlike Trojans or other ....

Answer : Biotechnology is one of the emerging technologies which have immense potential for a developing country like India. Biotechnology is the industrial use of Micro-organism and living plants and animal cells to produce substances or effects beneficial to people. Biotechnology encompasses the manufacture of antibiotics, vitamins, vaccines, plastics. Toxic waste disposed using bacteria, pollution control, production of new fuels are all possible through biotechnology. Gene technology, tissue culture, hybrid seed production, microbial firmentation, production of hybridoma ....

Answer : The Department of Telecom (DoT) has issued guidelines on 21st March, 2002 for Internet Service providers to process and carry voice signals.As per the guidelines, only ISPs licensees are permitted within their service area to offer such services.

• Internet telephony has been defined as an application service which the customers of ISPs can avail from their personal computer capable of processing voice signals. The scope of service includes—PC to PC, PC to phone and IP based ....

Answer : Cloning is the process of deriving an organism or a group of cells from another organism or from a single cell asexually. Members of a clone are identical in their inherited characteristics.

Human cloning can be done in similar fashion.

It has three steps:

1. The targeted gene in the cell will first have to be isolated. In the human being there are 100000 different genes in a cell.
2. The isolated gene which is chemically the fragment of a ....

• Pinaka is a multibarrel rocket launcher. It is a mobile system with 12 solid propellant rockets capable of delivering saturation fire range of 39 ....

Answer : GSLV-III or Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, is a launch vehicle fully self reliant in launching heavier communication satellites, which weigh 4500 to 5000 kg. It would also enhance the capability of the country to be a competitive player in the multimillion dollar commercial launch market. The vehicle envisages multi-mission launch capability for Geostationary Transfer Orbit, Low Earth Orbit, Polar and intermediate circular orbits.

• The first stage was to be propelled by solid fuel, the second liquid-propelled ....

Answer : Cryogenic engines are needed to carry heavy payloads of up to five tonnes to geosynchronous transfer orbit - crucial for future telecommunication and space exploration – as against the 1.5 tonnes payload capacity of the PSLVs.

• While Russia did come close to transferring the technology to India, it backtracked later albeit under pressure from Washington. Given our ever-growing need for bigger and better satellites, India was left with no choice but to go for indigenous development ....

• The “Information Revolution” is at its peak with the arrival of DTH. DTH (Direct to Home) refers to distribution of multi-channel T.V. Programmes in KU band by using a satellite system. It is a popular technology in Europe, the US and South East Asian countries. Since the programmes are beamed in KU band, digitally and via satellite, it is easily accessible even in remote hilly areas. Secondly, the picture and sound quality is crystal clear. Thirdly, the viewers get more ....

Answer : The cryogenic engine is crucial to development of GSLV (Geo-Synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle). Cryogenics refer to technology of sub zero temperatures and cryogenic engines use liquid oxygen as the oxidiser and liquid hydrogen as the fuel. Use of the liquified fuel instead of solid fuels helps the engine produce greater thrust. The engine’s capability is thus of placing a far heavier payload. The technology is complicated use of special insulation and materials that can withstand ....

Answer : Stem Cells unlike any specific adult cells are undifferentiated cells, completely totipotent or in other words capable of indefinite proliferation in culture and can be potentially grown in adult organs like bone, muscle, liver, bloods cells, etc. Those embryonic stem cells are derived from in vitro fertilised embryos of 4-7 days cells. The cells in the outer layer from the placenta but those in the inner layer are undecided on what they will be when ....

Answer : In 1970, a breakthrough was achieved when optical fibers were developed. Fiber optics denotes a means of transmission of information in the form of light signals through a transparent medium e.g. glass or plastics. It works under the principle of total internal reflection.

Optical fiber offer many advantages to the telecommunications:

1. An extremely wide bandwidth, permitting several times larger volume of information than is possible through conventional means. It is possible to encapsulate several hundred fibers in ....

• In computer language ‘handshake’ is the sequence of messages exchanged between two or more network devices to ensure transmission ....

• A baseband LAN (Local Area Network) specification invented by Xerox Corporation and developed jointly by Xerox, Intel and Digital Equipment Corporation. Ethernet networks operate at 10 Mbps using CSMA/CD to run over coaxil cable. Ethernet is similar to a series of standards produced by IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic ....

• In business transaction, digital signature play a function for digital documents. The increase in electronic commerce has made it a requirement. A digital signature system consists of two parts—a method of signing a document so that forgery is not possible, and a method of verifying that a signature was really generated by the person who it ....

• WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) is a technique used in telecomm-unication. In this technique a telephone is attached with a screen on which one see the image of the talking partner through this technique one can also access the WAP ....

Answer : India went on her first experience of nuclear test during Indira regime on 1984. This test was an experimental explosion for Plutonium bomb with capacity of 15 to 20 kg tonnes. It did not create any nuclear fallout. The effort was to get into the elite club of world nuclear. The Pokharan II was tested after about twenty three years on 1997 during NDA regime. During this experiment, five explosions were carried out of sub-kilo ....

Answer : Information technology has put India on the centre point of the globe. This is only field or sector where India has competitive edge. India on this field has made fast and influential improvement, providing the economy a boost. This has given growing base to the service sector of the Indian economy. The application of information technology in governance, marketing, banking, insurance education, medical, industry, medical science advertising etc. is increasing day by day. In today’s ....

Answer : A fast breeder reactor (FBR) is the second stage of India's nuclear power programme. It was set up first at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu.

It uses liquid sodium as coolant. It has no moderator plutonium and uranium are used as fuel. The chain reaction is continued by the process that it uses and it can be used for other reactors.

It uses the nuclear fission reaction. It requires high temperature and ....

• The Human Genome project aims at decoding the DNA sequence and order of genes. Human cells contain DNA, which is turn contains its structural units called nucleotides.
• This project will map the sequence of millions of codes in the Genes of Human beings. By this, scientists will be able to identify the genes responsible for various diseases.
• DNA structure contain chemical blocks called A (adenine), C (cytosine), G (guanine) and T (thymine). These blocks, by combining with each other form a complex ....

• The development of satellite communication has highlighted the need for managing a new, previously unused, international resource – the satellite spectrum/orbit resource. Due to the growing demand for satellite capacity, this resource – particularly the geostationary-satellite orbit (GSO), which supports a large part of the world’s TV, live global broadcast and data services (VSAT and mobile networks backhaul) – is becoming increasingly crowded.
• GSO becomes increasingly crowded, with some 400 geostationary satellites currently in operation and around 40 new satellites launched ....

• The HIV is Human Immuno-deficiency virus. It destroys the human immunity system. This virus causes the AIDS – Acquired Immuno-Deficiency syndrome an incurable disease. This disease is caused by the viruses which prevents formation of the WBCs, white Blood cells – a constituent of blood which are responsible for our immunity. Destroying the WBC and preventing them formation, human natural immunity, that is power to fight against disease, is reduced and gradually extinct, making the body prone to various diseases. ....

Answer : (a) Transgenic Plants are genetic engineered plants or off spring of them. They usually contain material from at least one unrelated organism as from virus animal, or other plant. They are produced to include better qualities of such other organism. Combinations of qualities of different organism are seen in the transgenic plants.

• Hybrid plants are off-spring of two genetically unlike parents. They show qualities of two or more different types of plants combined by hybrisation. It ....

Answer : The new proposed satellite in CARTOSAT.

It is proposed to because the existing IRS Satellites were notable to defect the army in Kargil recently. Due to failure, India had to rely on the figures of soldiers given by foreign satellites.

The meters of size while the newCARTOSAT will be able to detect upto 2.5 meters size objects with 3-D picture.

However, CARTOSAT is basically not a satellite for military surveillance but it is for mapping technology yet, it ....

Answer : Technological reforms in Indian agriculture have aimed at introduction of improved technology, so as to raise agricultural productivity i.e. output per hectare of land.

Major technological reforms in Indian agriculture took the form of introduction of New Agricultural Technology (NAT), which is also broadly identified as HYV – fertilizers – water technololgy. New variety of high yielding varieties of seeds came to be introduced during the sowing season 1966-67. HYV seeds needed the support of sufficient ....

Answer : The Human Genome Project aims at decoding DNA sequence and order of genes. Human cells contain DNA, which in turn contains its structural units called nucleotides. This project will map the sequence of millions of codes in the Gene of Human being. By this, scientists will be able to identify the genes responsible for various diseases.

DNA structure contain chemical blocks called A (adenine) C( Cytosine) G (guanine) and T (thymine).

These blocks, by combining with each ....

Answer : Ozone is a blanket of protective layer existing in lower stratosphere largely, which protects biospheric ecosystem from harmful solar radiation. Hole in this ozone is called ozone hole. This is evident in Antarctica and other parts above earth surface.

This is caused by environmental pollution and chemical reaction of some of the pollutants especially chloroform carbons (CFCs) and halogen gases like bromine and chlorine. These chemicals react with molecules of O3 in complex reactions and convert ....

Answer : Biosensors is containing a biological component of our body with electrical circuit. The biosensor is meant to detect presence or production of any biological component like vitamin, enzyme, catalyst, hormone, protein and so.

When this is connected with a electrical circuit, its production or disappearance or presence, as the case may be in setting up, gives signal through the electronic detention of it.

These biosensors are used to diagnose diseases. Police use it to defect even a ....

Answer : Modern stands for modulator demodulator telephone line to facilitate data transmission at high speed between two computers. It converts analog data to digital ....

Answer : Comprehensive Natural Gas. Reduces emission of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and other pollutants, green house gases ....

Answer : Computer virus is a Software Programme which actively spreads and enters in computers to destroy or damage, data in the affected ....

1. Centre for Cellular and MolecularBiology :Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
2. Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research: Kakpakkam, Tamil Nadu.
3. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre: Thiruvananthapuram, ....

Answer : Identical twins are 'minor image' of each other in their genetic composition and so their habits reflect it. One becomes lefty and other right handed and ....

Answer : Remote Sensing is technique of taking images and graphs without touching the object directly. Remote sensing helps in studying the phenomena of objects characteristics and Remote sensing objects can be studied and detected from a distant location. It is used by air-crafts, helicopters or satellites.

Remote sensing satellite belonging to the IRS- Series are meant for advanced technology probing missions, especially in the area of oceanography cartography and environment monitoring.

For a Country like India with wide ....

Answer : Genetic engineering is technique used over Genes to change their qualities according to needs are development under a branch of science, called Genetic Engineering. It deals with the genes and processes upon them, artificially.

In the cell of one organism, DNA of another Organism are transplanted to grow a new derived organism having combined and desired qualities of both the parent organisms. These techniques are researched and practiced in Genetic Engineering. Genetic Engineering is getting importance ....

Answer : Indian Scientists at the Advanced Numerical Research and Analysis Group (ANURAG) part of the Defense Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)are working for the Development of super computers with the use of slower Processor Working in Parallel System.They development PACE, that is Processor for Acrodynamic Computation and Evaluations, a system.

Pace Sparc was developed jointly by ANURAG and TUS GROUP. Pace plus, another super computer, was formally launched in 1995-96. Pace offers unlimited uses because its capacity ....

Answer : Pinka, a multi-barrel rocket launcher weapon has proved India's Capability to develop Latest, Stage weapons. This System has 12 Solid Propellant rockets to give it higher capacity. Its tange is about 40 km. It can launch variety of warheads. The Pinka developed by the Armament Research and Development Establishment, Pune.

Defence Research and Development Organisation developed it based on indigenous technology. This System has pushed India's missile programme. It can be situated near the border line ....

Answer : Optical fibres are hollow wires which contains silvery reflective surface inner side. The light is reflected and transmitted and through it messages, images and groups can be transmitted.

Through optical fibres, which are made of silica, high energy light is entered at one end and it is transmitted within the hollow thread to the other end.

The Principle of internal reflection is used. This technology is useful in medical treatment, communication and broad casting.

It is widely applied ....

Answer : Enzymes are a special type of Protons. They acts as a class of biological catalysts. They are comprised mainly of one or more poly peptide chains of a globular Proteins.Some enzymes includes covalently bond or tightly associated metal lons, Prosthetic groups or carbohydrates. Their molecular mars may range from 10000 to several hundred thousand Da.

They are important for all biological actions in our body, synthesized in one body, some act as a Catalysts. Glucose isomerase ....

Answer : missiles. Agni is a ballistic missile indigenously developed by India. Agni was first test-fired at the Chandipur test range of Andhra Pradesh coast in May-1989. This successful test proved India's capacity and technical expertise. Although the Agni project is aimed only at testing and demonstrating ballistic missile a catalogues, it has capacity of carrying one tonne of warhead.

It is a medium range missile with of 1500 to 2000 km. This missile put India into an ....

Answer : India exploded its first nuclear devorce in 1974 in Pokhran. Since then, India has achieved many milestone success in its nuclear programme. The first demonstration of India's nuclear capacity in 1974 was a surprise for the world and jealousy for some countries but India has always emphasized its use for peaceful development.

In last two and a half decade, India & nuclear programme has maturely developed on both civil and military fronts.

However India started its nuclear ....

Answer : Cryogenic means law temperature 'cryogenic technology is used in satellite launch vehicles and rockets liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen are used as the propellant. Liquid oxygen requires temperature below-183oC and liquid hydrogen requires temperature below - 253oC liquid oxygen is highly reactive. These engines give much more thrust in comparison to other propellant of same weight. They are very efficient and are used through about the world.

In 1995 a successful ground - firing of the ....

Answer : Madcow disease as it is popularly known is called Bovine spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in medical science technology. This disease is a projective neurological. Disorder of cattle. In 1996. It was spread among cows in V.K causing widespread dangerous alert. In the world as it can be transmitted to other species including humans. In human it is called creutzfeldt - Jacob - disease, after the two doctors who first described the symptoms of the disease.

This disease ....

Answer : Fullerness are derived form of carbon with heavy atomic mass consisting 60 nuclears of carbon in its single atom. This heavy atone was first declared by Buckminster fuller and so it was given nave as "fullerene" It is a ball like structure developed by Harold croto and Richard smelly in 1985.

These are important in the fields or industries due to specific characteristics. Because of ball like strong structure, they are used a lubricants, that is ....

Answer : India has formally co-ordinated its various organisations related to space programme in 1972 by constituting the space commission and the Development of Space (DOS). Both of these institutes are Umbrella organisations which direct and regulate India’s space programme.

Main contributions of progress made in the field of space technology, especially in socio-economic development are:

(i)Survey of various mineral and natural resources have been made possible through remote sensing.

(ii)Management of these resources, their development conservation and formulation of ....

Answer : Intellectual Property Rights are those right of an inventor which protects his rights over a method or process for a limited time, from being copied or used by mother persons. These are exclusive rights to use, exercise or lend his inventions. Patient Rights, Trade mark, Copy Rights etc. come under the purview of Intellectual Property Rights.

The Patent Act is a law which is concerned with the rights of an inventor. He can use his inventions ....

Answer : Nuclear medicine uses various radio isotopes for diagnosis and treatment of diseases. These nuclear medicine is given orally or injected in body of the patient. The medicine contains radio isotopes.

It is used to destroy cancerous growth in any part of body. It words more quickly than any other treatment of radiotherapy.

Nuclear medicine isotopes give functional signals so that the affected spot can be easily delected. Now, it has became mandatory to prove brain death of ....

Answer : Virtual reality is a technique related to computer which represents virtual thought in real images. It creates 3D environment which appears highly realistic to the user and responds to the users natural motions in realistic ways. They effect on the audio-visual nerves to create real imaginations. Instead of a screen it generally uses a head-mounted display to present the virtual world to the user while, shutting out environmental directions.

In military training virtual reality is used ....

Answer : In the spectrum of waves, microwave requires position before infrared waves. These waves are useful as source of energy with nearly a hundred Gija hertz frequency they are hot rays and can be used to produce heat.

Waves can produced their effect without touch of any physical matter. Microwave oven is a type of food cooker device. This oven prepares food by the effect electro-magnetic rays of the microwave range.

The microwaves are produced electrically and concentrated ....

Answer : Transgenic organisations are generated through scientific intervention and reproduced with artificial techniques of gene transfer, for that, a transgene is integrated into the genome of an organism. Their genome are transferred into a different type of genome by manipulative technique. In the over of the organism, DNA is entered through plasmid or DNA vectors base on virus. The foreign gene or transgene introduced in this way integrates with the original genome of the organism, converting ....

Answer : Interferons increases immunity of our body by producing antibodies. They are anti-viral ....

Answer : A contraceptive formulation developed and used in India. Though it is not approved by FDA for sale in the U.S. yet, is supposedly does not have any of the negative side ....

Answer : (i) SAARC: South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation.

(ii) ASEAN: Association of South East Asian Nation

(iii) OIC: Organisation of Islamic ....