Economy & Society In The 16th & 17th Centuries

Answer : Cartaz (plural cartazes, in Portuguese) was a naval trade license or pass issued by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean during the sixteenth century (circa 1502-1750), under the rule of the Portuguese empire.

Indian Ocean trading network was an open system before the arrival of the Europeans. Around 1500 A.D., intra-Asian and inter -Asian trade was mostly handled by the Arabs, Indians and the Chinese. It stretched from the South China Sea in the east to ....

Answer : Early modern India under the Mughals evolved a powerful uniform currency and monetary order. Like the state that created it, the Mughal monetary system was pervasive, flexible and long-lived. One indication of this is the sheer number and wide distribution of coins in circulation or retained in private and public coffers; as remarkable was the fact that this enormous mint output occurred, over two centuries, in a region lacking in any significant output of silver ....

Answer : The pattern of trade between Mughal India and Europe, which had been in operation for centuries, underwent a structural modification following the discovery by the Portuguese at the end of the fifteenth century of the route to the East Indies via the Cape of Good Hope. The procurement of the Asian goods came to be organized by the Europeans themselves, who had arrived in the East in any number for the first time. Most of ....

Answer : The agrarian crisis of the 17th century, which ultimately proved to be one of the most important causes for the decline of the Mughal Empire, was brought about by a number of factors, particularly by the evils of the jagirdari system. This is what has been detailed by the European accounts also like any other contemporary sources. The jagirs were divorced from any rights to land and were essentially assignment of revenue. The tendency in ....

Answer : Mir Sayeed Ali and Abus Samad joined Humanyun in Kabul and they formed the nucleus of Indian Painting school. Akbar’s tolerant spirit brought Persian art in close touch with the Indian art traditions.

During his time the first work in paintaing was that of Amir Hamza. Also a miniature representing the arrival of tansen at the court exemplified the transition from Persian to the Mughal style. Portraiture and book illustrations were the principle feature of Akbar’s ....

Answer : The study of Arabic and Persian historiography brings to light a unique feature about these. The early historiographies were written in pure Arabic. Later Arabic and Persian were used interchangeably with transition to Persian historiographies in Mughal Period.

Alberuni was the first prominent muslim indologist. His Tarikh ul Hind, an authentic source of information about the socio-religious condition of India, was written in Arabic.

Taj-ul-Maosir of Hasan Nizauii provides first historical narrative which untage the history of ....

Answer : The landing of Vasco da Gama at Calicut in 1498 led to opening of new phase in the commercial history. The finding of direct sea route to India led to booming up of European trade with India which increased in volume later on. Several factors were responsible for opening and development of European trade in India during the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries.

The most important factor in this regard was that the European economy was ....

Answer : The third urbanization of India began with the Turko-Afghans. The need for ruling over provinces led to some Turko-Afghan officials and nobles being stationed in the various provinces of the state. They were invariably asso­ciated with a few more Muslims belonging to various ranks. The Iqta system enabled the Iqta-holders and the officials to possess large sums of money. Since the Iqtas were not inher­itable, the upper strata of these Turko-Afghans developed extravagant habits and ....