Challenges Of Social Transformation

Answer : The Integrated Rural Development Programmes (IRDP) is a major instrument of government to alleviate poverty. Its objective is to enable selected families to cross the poverty line by taking up self employment ventures in the varieties of activities like agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry in the primary sector; weaving and handicrafts in the secondary sector; and service and business activities in the tertiary sector. The aim of IRDP is to see that a minimum stipulated ....

Answer : The human resources refer to the manpower and their potential which due to lack of education remain unfertile. India is one of the largest countries in the world which has abundant human resources. But, due to lack of undeveloped infrastructure, poor quality educational institutions, poverty, caste and other diverse factors, the human resources are not being developed. The education, especially modern is considered as the relevant institutions through which these hindrances may be overcome and ....

Answer : The consequences of development-induced displacement and resettlement depend largely on how resettlement is planned, negotiated, and carried out. It is rare to find examples of positive resettlement experiences. The policy-makers and/or developers formulate development and resettlement plans, often without informing those to be displaced.

People learn about their future displacement, which heightens the level of stress experienced. After their physical relocation, displacees begin the process of rebuilding their economy and social networks. Unless specifically addressed by ....

Answer : Since the era of liberalization in India began in earnest in 1991, the country has experienced consistent rates of growth of its gross domestic product (GDP) of around 6-7.5% p.a. and exceeded 9% in several years after 2005 before the World Recession.

Economic growth expands the material resources available for the fulfillment of human needs. But the extent to which these needs are met depends on the allocation of the rewards of growth through the distribution ....

Answer : Human trafficking is the acquisition of people by improper means such as force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting them. It is the third largest organized crime after drugs and the arms trade across the globe. About 80% of the human trafficking across the world is done for sexual exploitation and the rest is for bonded labor and India is considered as the hub of this crime in Asia. Trafficking of children is ....

Answer : India’s religious and ethno-comunities have multilayered and multidimensional identities that impinge on each other in a non-stratified and dynamic manner. Ethnicity is often seen as a wider category including caste, tribe, race and language, making ethnicity the umbrella term. Aside from the about 2000-odd castes, there are eight “major” religions, 22-scheduled languages spoken in various dialects in 29 states and union territories, and a substantial number of tribes and sects. Any diversity and heterogeneity is ....

Answer : In the Indian context, the age of 60 years has been adopted by the census of India for the purpose of classifying a person as old, which coincides with the age of retirement in government sector. Indian society is undergoing rapid transformation under the impact of industrialization, urbanization, technological change, education and globalization. With the rapidly increasing number of aged compounded by disintegration of joint families and ever increasing influence of modernization and new life ....

Answer : The feminization of poverty is the phenomenon in which women experience poverty at rates that are disproportionately high in comparison to men. 70% of all the people in the world living in poverty are women. Women also constitute the majority of the 1.5 billion people living on $1 a day or less. Women living in poverty are often denied access to critical resources such as credit, land and inheritance. Their labour goes unrewarded and unrecognized.

Their ....

Answer : Ethnic conflict is not caused directly by inter-group differences, but “ancient hatreds” and centuries-old feuds, or the stresses of modern life within a global economy leads to ethnic conflict. Today, ethnicisation of politics and politicisation of ethnic communities have become very common and have diffused mutual tolerance, and have thus, sharpened ethnic consciousness among various communities.

Dr Suresh Kulkarni uses a resource perspective to understand the ethnic conflicts of Manipur and to explain ethnic conflicts arising ....

Answer : Caste changes along with the changing nature of Indian society and corresponding to that access of class conflict is subjected to change. The paradigm shift in domain of caste conflict is testimony to social transformation. Caste system in India owing through transformation over various periods and genesis of caste conflict also subjected to change.

During 1960’s and 70’s caste conflict in India got new dimension, political decentralization, Green revolution, Community Development Programme, and expansion of demographic ....

Answer : According to Human Rights Watch (HRW), 24,206 rape cases were registered in India in 2011, which is seen as just the tip of the iceberg. HRW explains that many women are turned away by police or hospitals. Between 2003 and 2007, the Indian government reported a 30% increase in reported rape cases (with a further increase of 20% between 2007 and 2011), and even a 50% jump in abduction, kidnapping and molestation cases.

In the big ....

Answer : The Domestic Violence Act 2005 is a piece of legislation meant to provide more effective protection to the right of women guaranteed under the constitution who are victims of violence of any kind occurring within the family. The very nomenclature of the Act indicates that it is not restricted to violence perpetuated against women by her husband or in-laws. It includes under its protective umbrella every women living in a domestic relationship as a member ....

Answer : Yogendra Singh sees the process of social change through two perspectives- (i) structural, and (ii) evolutionary. Structural changes are seen through the variables of social mobility, technological modernity and secular institutions, changes in norms and value systems etc and modernisation is seen through the flow of these values and their impact decides the nature and extent of the transformation. However, an evolutionary perspective is based on theoretical assumptions and these theoretical perspectives can be either ....

Answer : Communalism is a feeling of belonging to one’s own community. In sociological terms, it is an ideology which believes that the secular interests of the members of the same community are common. It also implies that different communities have different secular interests. These communities can be based on religion, caste, region, etc.

It is healthier if it is in moderate form. It means that every community is focused on its own interests without any regard to ....

Answer : There are various types of inequality present in the society. These are caste, class, gender, race or ethnicity. Based on these inequalities there occurs various deprivations. Out of these, it is the income deprivation which leads to poverty.

Inequality of caste leads to deprivation of choice in social life. Low caste people depend on upper castes and have less freedom to act independently. Inequality of gender leads to low status of women as they depend on ....

Answer : In recent years, effect of development on environment has attracted the attention of people at global level. Today, in this time of globalization, all nations want to develop their economies by blindly exploiting their resources. Due to this fast process of economic development, negative impact has been put on environment.

New economic policy of government has worsened this process. For the development of any nation, energy, industries, new technology and large skilled labor are necessary. Today ....

Answer : Every aspect of social life whichacts as an obstacle in establishing independent personality, respect and honour of women, is a symbol of violence against women. Although condition of women has not been very good since olden times, there has been rise in cases of violence against women with faster social changes.

Condition of women has improved with deve-lopment of education. They have become less dependent economically on their male counter-parts with their increasing participation in employment ....

Answer : Environmental degradation is one of the serious problems faced by the people in the country especially in the urban areas which not only experiences a rapid growth of population due to high fertility, low mortality and increasing rural-urban migration but also industrialisation which is accompanied by growing number of vehicles. In India, the rapid increase of human numbers combines with desperate poverty to depelete and pollute local resource bases on which the livelihood of present ....

Answer : Violence against women have been an ugly face of any society. Violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women which have led to domination over and discrimination against women by men and to the prevention of full advancement of women. Violence against women continues to be a global epidemic that kills, tortures physically and psychologically. It is one of the most pervasive of human rights violations, denying women ....

Answer : The caste system which is an integral part of the Indian society has a long standing history of it own. C. Bougle defined castes as hierarchically arranged hereditary groups separated from each other but interdependent. Caste was not just a means of stratification in Indian society, it was a way of living instead. Four major castes were tied in vertical solidarity so that despite hierarchical differences, they were mutually dependent e.g Jajmani relations based on ....

Answer : Cultural and Ethnic diversities make up for the social fabric of India. In India, with its variety of pluralities, in terms of language, race, religion and so on ethnic conflict has become a part of the political scenario.

In most cases, the processes of development and change have generated conditions for ethnic conflict as the fruits of these development processes have come to be distributed unevenly. Also the nature and character of the lower structure and ....

Answer : Patriarchy in simple terms means rule by men or control by men. It is an age-old tradition or practice which refers to authority wielded by men in society, especially with regard to women and their lives. In a patriarchal society, a women stands no ground, she is a mere subject, without any freedom or identity of her. It was thought and indeed not without reason that patriarchy is dying a slow death in the modern ....

Answer : Poverty, deprivation and inequalities are the major challenges in the process of social transformation as well as in the formation of equal and balanced society.

Poverty is a most unwanted human experience that leads to multiple form social exclusion i.e economic, social, political and educational. Due to poverty a man losses control over purchasing power to procure the basic amenities of life. In modern capitalist society poverty even debarring a person to think independently, act independently ....

Answer : Reproductive Health: Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Approach was adopted in 1995 following International Conference on Population & Development, Cairo, 1994 and ICPD Programme of Action, 1994.

Reproductive health is defined by WHO as ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of diseases or infirmity in all matters relating to reproductive system and its functions and processes.’

This implies two conditions. The first condition is that people are able ....

Answer : Development as distinguished from mere change is a value laden concept. It refers to a process of desired change. And only planned and desired changes can be termed development in contrast to all causes of change.

We need to distinguish between economic and sociological notions of development. Social development refers to overall transformation of individuals and society, which may enable every person to achieve moral, social, physical and material well-being. Egalitarianism though a devised ideal still ....

Answer : Atrocities on women affect the lives of millions of women worldwide, in all socio-economic and educational classes. It cuts across cultural and religious barriers, impeding the right of women to participate fully in society. Violence against women takes a dismaying variety of forms, from domestic abuse and rape to child marriage and female circumcision. All are violations of the most fundamental human rights.

According to one estimate, as many as 30 specific forms of violence ....

Answer : Modernization in India started mainly with he western contact, especially through establishment of the British rule. This contact had a special significancehistorically which brought about many far reaching changes in culture and social structure of the Indian society. Not all of them, however, could be called modernizing. The basic direction of this context was towards modernization, but in the process a variety of traditional institutions also got rein forcement.

The various factors of the process ....

Answer : Weaker sections of the society refer to various groups which are socio-economically and educationally backward in nature. Therefore, in this section, we can take scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and women. The problems arising before the scheduled castes in the present Indian situation are mainly of two types: (i) those arising out of their insignificant enrolment and; (ii) those arising out of their traditionally lower social position in the caste hierarchy. Even if the first set ....

Answer : The mass media has variously affected the social, economic, political and cultural life of the developing and modern India. We are arguing about a global village, therefore, all required change in this direction is imperative and in- evitable. Indian society is known for her revolution and development in the other means or mode of communication. Our communication is linked globally which provides us different information, knowledge, values etc. One of the important impact of mass-media ....

Answer : The atrocities on women are numerous which may be classified into two categories, domestic level and social level. At the domestic level, one can easily trace the frequent occurance of dowry deaths, wife beating, sexual abuse by kin, mal-treatment of widows and elderly women, torture of daughter-in-law etc. At the social level, one can observe the eve-teasing, forcing wife or daughter-in-law to go for female foeticide, forcing a young widow to commit sati, refusing to ....

Answer : There exists wide range of educational inequalities in India. Educational inequality is found in the form of lack of facility for education for all sections of society. For example, while the upper class of Indian society has access to the speciality and higher education in science, technology, medicine, humanities etc. the lower class which live in poverty and indigence have ways blocked to the portals of educational institution. While the national average of literacy rate ....

Answer : ‘Dowry System’ as a social problem has been still continuing with its new faces and concept. In the traditional Indian society, dowry was considered merely as a system of exchange which was chiefly prevalent among the elites of society. At present there is a two much burden on the bride kin. Groom has to be found within the jati. The groom should also be educated with a job. Thus, there is a lot of competition ....

Answer : The term “literacy campaign” came in currency during the 1980s onwards. The new education policy of 1986 launched the 10+2+3 system of education. The ethos of education was greatly changed. A number of technical and professional institutions of education were established. The open school, distance education, primary education etc. were strenghtened. The literacy campaign is chiefly meant for sponsoring education among poor, adult, women, SC, ST and village community. The vocational course and training are ....

Answer : Political, economic, educational and social; these are the four wheels of life of men and women. In the context of women, the political sphere refers to the political participation, socialiation, modernisation, recruitment etc. In the traditional Indian society, the women were completely deprived of the political rights and activities. During the British period and after independence the political door was opened for the women. Raja Ram Mohan Rai, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Swami Dayanand Saraswati etc ....

Answer : The literacy among the age group of 15-35 may be called bane. This is very productive and creative period. A large number of youth especially rural are deprived of the education due to some individuals, familial, social and governmental reasons. In Rajasthan, Bihar, UP., MP, Orissa and some north-western states, adults literacy rate is relatively poor than the several Southern states. After considering the situation in 1998, the government launched National Literacy Mission (NLM) to ....

Answer : According to the 1991 census, the general literacy rate in India is 52.21% while the literacy among the Scheduled Caste and tribe is 37.41% and 29.60% respectively. The literacy rate of the Scheduled Caste is highest in Kerala (79.66%) followed by Gujarat (61.7%), and Goa, Delhi, Arunachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra etc. the SC’s literacy is very poor. Similarly, the literacy rate among the Scheduled Tribe is highest in Kerala (57.22%) and ....

Answer : India has a position of distinction in the world for its cultural characteristics. Unity in diversity is one of them. There are several racial groups. Social practies of the tribal people in North-Eastern India, South-India, Western-India, Punjab etc. are diverse and different. In other words, we have many sub-cultural traditions. The combination of all these sub-cultures make the culture of India which is known as “composite culture”.

The national integration refers to the establishment of harmony ....