Industrialisation & Urbanisation

Answer : The state consists of three important organs. These are Legislative, Excutive and Judiciary. The legislative body is constituted by the democratically elected members of the parliament. The decision making and law-formulation process are totally owned by the legislative body. The various socio-economic planning and policies are formulated by it. They can make new laws and amend the provisions of the Constitution. The second organ of the state is called Executive who are responsible for the ....

Answer : One of the important traditional economic institutions in India is the `Jajmani system’. William H. Wiser’s book “The Hindu Jajmani System” describes in details how different caste groups interact with one another in production and exchange of goods and services. Wiser’s books is based on his study of the Karimpur village in U.P. This system of production and exchange of food, goods, and services is also a ritual as much concerned with the aspect of ....

Answer : An overwhelmingly large percentage of workers (about 92 per cent) are engaged in informal employment and a large majority of them have low earnings with limited or no social protection. This is true for a substantial proportion of workers in the organized sector as well. Over half the workers are self-employed, largely with a poor asset-base, and around 30 per cent are casual labourers seeking employment on a daily basis. In informal labour, levels of ....

Answer : Globalization of a country generates new employment opportunities and markets, which largely contribute to the informalisation of the workforce in the economy. However, evidence indicates that it has neither created quality employment, nor have they helped the most disadvantaged entrepreneurs to exploit the new market opportunities.

Kalyan Sanyal see informal sector as structured by the particular pattern of economic growth that is taking place as a result of the globalization of capital.

Martin Rama and Martha Alter ....

Answer : Migration and slums are inextricably linked, as labour demand in cities and the resulting rural to urban migration creates greater pressures to accommodate more people. The basic problem is establishing identity result in a loss of access to entitlements and social services. Lack of identification means migrants are not able to access provisions such as subsidized food, fuel, health services, or education that are meant for the economically vulnerable sections of the population.

Amitabh Kundu, widely ....

Answer : Slums are the deprived urban settlements which suffer from social, economic and cultural deprivations. These are marked by lack of inadequate housing,unsafe and insufficient water supply, inadequate transport facilities, improper hygiene, unemployment, poverty, improper solid waste management and high occupancy per room. For example, in Greater Mumbai the average occupancy is 5.5 persons per room. Prof. Ramachandrandescribes slums as unwanted elements in urban space and are notorious for drug addictions, streetcorner gangs and a curse ....

Answer : It refers to the children below the age of 15 years permanently leading adult life working long hours for low wages under conditions damaging to their health and their physical and mental development, separated from their families and deprived of education that can open more avenues for them. Children are preferred as they are docile, have nimble fingers and don’t form trade unions.

Poverty is both the cause and consequence of child labor. Less employment opportunities ....

Answer : Green revolution refers to the process of application of HYV seeds in the Indian agriculture. It was a whole package consisting of HYV seeds, pesticides, insecticides, proper irrigation facilities and cheap credit.

Green Revolution made India self sufficient in food production. It also led to the breakdown of Jajmani system and converted the feudal structure to capitalist structure. This has changed the rural way of life leading to rural prosperity and their demand of consumer durables ....

Answer : In recent years labor class movements has been extensively affected from new economic policies and economic reforms. After 1991, proposal of ending license-quota-permit-raj under new economic policy by government for radical changes in economy gave a new picture. Today a competitive environment has developed in the market. Coming up of competitive companies in market for the production due to increasing economic activities have weakened the labor class movements.

Labour movement was started to check the exploitation ....

Answer : Process of industrialization in India had began during period of English governance. In beginning stage, Gujaratis and Parsis had command on Indian industries but moving forward, this has included the Marwari andcom-munities. Industrial modernization has increased in last two-three decades.

There are so many factors responsible for Industrial modernization in India e.g. entrepre-neurship, policies of government, globalization, liberalization, increasing level of education, new invention etc. New economic policy of Indian government in 1991 has majorly influenced ....

Answer : Differences in mortality are well documented in various part of the world by social class. Mortality rate in a society is calculated by number of deaths per 1000 people. This mortality rate in a society is calculated by number of deaths per 1000 people. This mortality rate is found to be vary in different social class groups. However in India mortality rate is declining since independence. During 1921 mortality rate in India was 36.3 but ....

Answer : The increasing proportion of a nation’s population living and working in urban areas is becoming a problem for sustainable development. Urbanisation follows economic growth and people concentrating in urban areas because this is where new investment and new jobs are being created.

In many ways urbanisation is also a reflection of economic success. It reflects the increasing proportion of GDP generated by industry and services and the increasing proportion of the labour force working in industry ....

Answer : In a broader sense globalisation encompasses all types of economic and cultural transfers between nations. In a narrower sense it refers to the economic exchange of goods and services internationally.

Global trade and investment patterns are having a dramatic impact on employment relations and work arrangements around the world. But there is no single meaning of econmic globalisation for the global workforce. Its impact can be both negative and positive and differs by context, by industry ....

Answer : The BPO industry, which added to the booming growth to Indian economy has created multiple new effects in the society. Among them, the effects on youth are a vital part of the sociological analysis owing to its wider ramifications on the social system. BPO is not just an economic experience but has proved to deeply influence the Indian youth across the following dimensions.

Better employment to the educated graduates and more job opportunities are creating a ....

Answer : An SEZ is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a country’s typical economic laws.

The SEZ policy was seen as a way to favor trade and foreign investment without having to implement politically sensitive reforms, notably with regard to labor laws.It has met with varied types of social reactions based on its positive and negative effects.

The SEZ Act 2005 underscored the government’s commitment to economic growth and greater integration in ....

Answer : Socio-cultural change in India under the impact of colonial rule i.e. British rule, presents important facet of socio-cultural dynamics. India has always been a highly traditional society and it is only through colonial impact the process of modernization, both technological and cultural, was initiated into Indian society. With the advents of British rule, new structures developed in India. During 18th century British rule in India introduced modified system of land settlements such as Zamindari, Mohalwari, ....

Answer : The phenomenon of slum has become a major problem of urbanization and no Indian city is free from slums. It appears to be more acute in metropolitan cities. The Indian cities are facing the problem of slums due to population explosion and migration of large number of people from the rural areas to urban centres. As a result the problems of slums have become an inevitable part of the metropolitan cities in India. According to ....

Answer : Informal sector in the urban economy in India: Informal sector in the urban economy in India: The concept of informal sector coined by Hart has now been associated with economy of large cities of Africa, Asia and Latin America. Informal sector in India is broadly characterized as consisting of units engaged in the production of goods and services with the primary objectives of generating employment and incomes to the persons concern. These units typically operate ....

Answer : Cities everywhere are recognised as contributing substantially to economic, social educational and infrastructural needs of the country. While they offer a higher standard of amenities to city-dwellers, they also have an important role in ensuring a range of services to the rural hinterland creating demand for rural output as well as providing avenues for access to inputs. Towns and cities act as nodal centers for services in marketing, health-care, education, and also in opening a ....

Answer : The Market economy developed because of the commercialization of Indian agriculture, the process of industrial transition. Simultaneously, there was a decline of Indian handicrafts and progressive ruralisation of the Indian economy.

When the East India Company established itself in India, they were interested in the export of manufactured articles to Europe. When the Industrial Revolution took place, this situation changed. The British industry needed raw materials. As a result, Indian industry was crushed and agriculture was ....

Answer : According to the United Nation's study in 1999, 'the era of globalisation is opening many opportunities for millions of people around the world.' The study suggests that it offers enormous potential to eradicate poverty in the twenty first century.

But the experience of globalisation so far, particularly in the developing countries, do not follow this trend. It has given rise to serious risks for countries that are unable to become internationally competitive. The negative consequences ....

Answer : The term Privatization and Globalization gained currency during te decade of nineties in Indian society. Privatization is the general process of involving the private sector in the ownership and operation of a state owned enterprises. Thus, it covers the three sets of measures: ownership measures, operational measures and organizational measures. On the other hand globalization refers to the correlation of Indian society and economy to the world or global socio-economic order. During the decade of ....

Answer : Slum as a concept itself involves the idea of 'darkness and despair'. When one refers to the term slum, one need not say in addition that slums are areas of congestion, degeneration and debasement because slum stands for all these. This will be clearer when we look at the definition of slum.

The government of India considers an area as slum "where such dwellings predominate, which by reason of dilapidation, over-crowding, faulty arrangement and design ....

Answer : Globalisation refers both to time-space compression of World and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole. In India, globalisation opened the door for arrival of huge amount of finance capital and technology. It has by and large lessened the pressure of fund shortage for development related investment. Upgraded and refined technology has also entered the shores of India. Advancement of India in biotechnology and information technology is the result of Indian initiative ....

Answer : Democracy has reshaped the destiny of the people of this landmass of India. Infact, democracy was opted as a system of polity with the goal of investing a new India which was modern and based on equality and justice. This was clearly stated by the framers of the Indian Constitution.

The working of democracy for almost five decades lay the functions of democracy bare. First we find that it has created political consciousness among people ....

Answer : Under the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, the democratic nature of our polity and society has been further expanded. The power structure, which was traditionally centralised in the parliament, has been decentralised after these amendments. In the rural areas the traditional panchayat system of governance has been restructured and strengthened and, in the urban areas the traditional Municipal Corporation or Nagar Nigam has been restructured under 73rd and 74th amendment respectively.

The power structure in ....

Answer : The term `privatisation’ connotes a wide range of ideas which, in the narrow sense, implies the indication of private ownership in publicly owned enterprise, but in broader sense, it connotes besides private ownership, the introduction of private management and control in the public sector enterprises. According to the Barbara Lee and John Nellis “Privatisation is the general process of involving the private sector in the ownership and operation of the state owned enterprises. Thus the ....

Answer : Slums chiefly refer to the people who are living in the dirty settlement with improper housing, overcrowding, unhygienic atmosphere, or sanitation etc. With the growth of urban centers and overpopulation in the metropolitan and small cities, the housing problem especially for the working and lower middle class has arisen. The slums have given birth to a number of urban problems like child delinquency, crimes, rapes, health problems etc. According to recent UNI Report between one ....

Answer : The functioning of caste is characterised by the endogamy, hierarchy, traditional profession, ritual purity and pollution etc. A caste system is a rigid system of social stratification. A man born under a particular caste, remain its members till his death. One cannot enter into a caste by acquiring wealth, power, educational qualification etc like a class. Under the caste system, the social status and professions are ascribed. On the other hand democracy is a combination ....

Answer : The unplanned urban growth refers to the growth of cities without the zonal differences and intermingling of the different activities. For example, the industrial areas, residential areas and business and commerce areas if not separated to each other or intermingled, will create several social, economic and civic problems. Unlike the developed countries, in India, the urban life is not sharply characterised or uniformed according to the zonal and sector theories. The residence, office, business and ....

Answer : The traditional economic structure of India was self subsistence economy which was oriented to fulfill the needs of people. The economic organisation involved exchange of goods and services within the various local jatis and within the framework of the jajmani relations. According to Karl Polanyi, the economic exchange was predominantly either redistributive or reciprocal type. Although, the market site did not exist for each cluster of villages but, market exchange was peripheral to rural economy. ....

Answer : In the traditional society, the elite is not a differentiated group because it is based on the homogeneous strcture of values. Elite status is ascribed and elites are a close group. Recruitment being based largely on the birth and kinship. The political elite in the traditional India consists of king and priests. According to Professor Yogendra Singh, the traditional elite structure of Indian society remains authoritarian, monarchial, feudal and charismatic oriented towards the perseverance ....

Answer : Housing problem in cities is a serious problem. Government, industrialists, capitalists, entrepreneurs, developers, contractors and landlords have not been able to keep pace with the housing needs of the poor and the middle class people. According to the recent UNI report, between one fourth and half of the population in India's largest cities live in makeshifts shelters and slums. At least 15.0% of the nation's families are 'housing deprived', more than 60.0% of the houses ....

Answer : The social inequality refers to the unequal distribution of rewards, wealth, prestige, opportunity, education etc. among the various castes, class and groups of the society. These inequalities may be both; the society created and natural. The inequalities, under the urban and the caste systems are called socially created inequalities while the racial and biological inequalities are natural inequalities. The economic inequalities are the part of the social inequality, which especially, refers to the unequal distribution ....

Answer : The distribution of power and allocation of social status in the rural India are embedded in the traditional varna or caste system of social stratification. The Jamjani system and the holding of land are the other sources of power in the society. According to `Purushsukta’ of the Rigveda, the Brahmin, Rajanya, Vaisha and later on Shudra were the four major divisions of society. This system is still continuing in the modified form as a caste ....

Answer : Karl Polanyi states market involved a site where exchange is actually carried out. The operation of market principle is determined by the law of supply and demand. The encroachment of market economy upon that of village has led to a series of change. F.G. Bailey from his study of the Bisipara village of Orissa concluded that when distillation was prohibited, the distiller caste Ganjam who has already harnessed a lot of wealth from their ....

Answer : In cities we find lack of feeling of neighbourliness, the social relations are totally devoid of love and sympathy. Generally speaking, the feeling of neighbourliness is in inverse proportion to the size of the city and the density of the population. In cities the residential and industrial complexes are usually separated by great distances. Therefore, people leave their homes early in the morning and return fairly late in the evening utterly exhausted. Sunday and other ....

Answer : The industrialisation and economic development involves occupational diversification, commercialisation of agriculture, and change from primary to secondary and tertiary occupations. The people of India may be chiefly divided into three categories, according to their occupation in the industrial society. The first category consists of people engaged in primary occupation such as agriculture, mining and quarrying. The second category consists of secondary occupation such as trade, commerce, manufacturing and transport. The third category consists of tertiary ....

Answer : According to the Indian Trade Union Act of 1926, a trade union is any combination, whether temporary or permanent formed principally for the purpose of regulating the relation between the workmen and the employers or between the employers and employees or for imposing restrictive condition on the conduct of any trade or business and include any federation or two or more trade unions. The Union system, especially trade union here, is governed by the democratic ....

Answer : In India, the democratic political system did not develop gradually as a part of the process of overall modernisation rather it was adopted at the time of independence, due to preferences of westernised political elite who led India’s struggle for independence. Thus, in India, democratic political system and the nation state emerged simultaneously, unlike the western society where a cohesive nation state was established first and gradual democratisation followed later. India had never been ....

Answer : In the Indian context, the `Word Urban Area refers to those areas, which consist of:

(i) Local authority such as municipality, cantonment, board, notified areas, etc.

(ii) The population of 5,000 or more, the 75% of which are engages in non-agricultural activities.

(iii) The density of population should be at least 900 per sq. km. Thus, urbanisation is a gradual process by which the rural society is gradually transformed into the urban ....