Technological Changes & Administration (Major Technological Changes during the Sultanate Period and Impact on Indian Society)

Technical & Architectural Innovations

Field

Innovations

Impact/Examples

Architecture

Arches, domes, minarets, and the Charbagh (four-garden) style.

Qutub Minar, Gol Gumbaz.

Construction Materials

Use of red sandstone and marble.

Strength and aesthetic beauty in structures (e.g., Red Fort).

Irrigation

Canal systems and the Persian wheel (Rahat).

Increase in agricultural productivity and economic growth.

Metallurgy

Advanced steel production and firearms.

Enhanced military strength and artistic coinage.

Textile Industry

Spinning wheel (Charkha), Zari embroidery, and advanced looms.

Global export of Muslin and Silk.

Impact on Indian Society

Aspect

Nature of Change

Description

Social Structure

Emergence of new professional classes.

Social diversity increased with the rise of new classes of weavers, ....

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