Proxy Wars and External Sponsorship
Proxy wars involve the use of non-state actors and covert means by states to destabilise adversaries without direct military confrontation. India faces persistent proxy threats, particularly from Pakistan, combining terrorism, radicalisation, and information warfare.
Role of Non-State Actors
- State-sponsored Terrorism: Groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed have been used as proxies for cross-border attacks (e.g., Pathankot 2016, Pulwama 2019).
- Decentralised Terror Networks: Shift from organised infiltration to lone-wolf and hybrid militants (especially in J&K).
- Criminal-terror Nexus: Smuggling networks (arms, narcotics) linked with terror financing, highlighted in Punjab narco-terror cases (NIA investigations).
Hybrid Warfare Dynamics
- Multi-domain Strategy: Cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure ....
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