Demographic Winter and Its Socio-Economic Impact

Recent statistics show that China’s population fell by 3.39 million to 1.405 billion in 2025, with births dropping 17% to 7.92 million and deaths rising to 11.31 million.

• This reflects a “Demographic Winter,” a phenomenon increasingly observed globally, with significant economic and social implications.

Concept of Demographic Winter

• It refers to a prolonged decline in population growth resulting from low fertility rates, ageing populations, and rising mortality rates
• It is characterised by birth rates falling below the replacement fertility rate of 2.1 and an inverted population pyramid, where the proportion of older adults exceeds that of younger age groups.

Causes ....