Four Labour Codes: Merits, Criticisms & Progress

Between 2019 and 2020, India consolidated 29 central labour laws into four unified codes—Wages, Industrial Relations, Social Security, and Occupational Safety, Health & Working Conditions—intended to simplify compliance, enhance worker protection, and promote formal job creation. However, implementation remains delayed as of mid-2025.

Labour Codes

  • Code on Wages, 2019: To regulate wages and bonus payments by subsuming four existing laws.
  • It aims to universalize minimum wages, ensure timely payment, promote equal pay, and increase transparency.
  • Industrial Relations Code, 2020: To consolidate laws concerning Trade Unions, employment conditions, and dispute resolution by subsuming three existing laws.
  • Its objectives include fostering ....
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