In India, fertility rate has fallen below replacement level. Analyse the implications of this in the context of India’s demographic transition.
Answer: Recent urban flooding events in cities like Mumbai and Vijayawada highlight the ecological stress arising from unplanned urbanisation. “Sponge Cities” refer to urban areas designed to absorb, store, and purify rainwater through natural and engineered systems.
Ecological Stress from Unplanned Urbanisation in India
- Urban Flooding and Collapse of Drainage Systems: Rapid concretisation and encroachment on natural waterways have led to frequent urban floods. Example: In July 2024, Mumbai received over 300 mm rainfall in six hours, crippling its drainage system.
- Destruction of Natural Recharge Zones: Wetlands and green areas have been lost, reducing groundwater recharge. Example: India has ....
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