Slavery, Untouchability and Occupational Stratification in Ancient Society

Slavery, untouchability, and occupational stratification were defining features of ancient Indian society, evolving from rudimentary class divisions to a rigid, religiously sanctioned caste system (Varna-Jati). Their study reveals the complex relationship between economic necessity, ritual purity, and the systematic institutionalization of oppression and social hierarchy across various historical periods.

Evolution of Hierarchy and Exclusion

Social Institution

Ancient/Vedic Period

Post-Vedic/Classical Period

Philosophical/Legal Codification

Slavery (Dasa)

Economic/War-Based: Slavery was known but was generally non-hereditary, often resulting from capture in war or inability to pay debt; slaves were primarily used in domestic work and agriculture.

Codified and Diversified: Slavery became systematically codified in legal texts (Manusmriti, Arthashastra); ....

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Indian History