Cross-Border Data Flow and India’s Regulatory Framework

Cross-border data flow refers to the transfer or processing of personal or sensitive data, generated within one country, in another country. India has established clear guidelines on cross-border data flow and data localization under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act) and the draft rules of 2025.

Data Localization

  • In India, data localization means that critical personal data of Indian citizens must be stored and processed within the country’s geographical boundaries.
  • This enhances national security, data sovereignty, and protection against cyber threats.

Rules on Cross-Border Data Flow

  • Under the DPDP Act, "Significant Data Fiduciaries" (such as major tech ....
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