Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)

  • On 14th Aug 2025, India rejected the recent PCA ruling on the Indus Waters Treaty, stating that its decision was beyond jurisdiction.
  • Established: 1899, during the First Hague Peace Conference.
  • Objective: Peaceful settlement of disputes between nations through arbitration and other methods.
  • Members: 125, including India.
  • Headquarters: The Hague, ....
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