Agriculture

Answer : White Revolution also called ‘operation flood,’ launched in 1970 was a project of India’s National Dairy Develoment Board (NDDB), which was the word’s biggest dairy development programme. It transformed India from a milk-deficient nation into world’s largest milk producer. There are multiplicity of prospects and challenges that come in the way of replication of white revolution in india.

First, the cardinal principle on which the operation worked was that the entire value chain — from procurement ....

Answer : Agriculture efficiency is a function of various factors including the physical socio-economic, technical and organizational. The combined effect of these factors manifests itself in productivity. There can be 4 approaches to measure agricultural efficiency—

1. Output per unit area
2. Output per unit of labor applied
3. Output in relation to input
4. Output expressed in terms of gain equivalents per head of population.

Answer : The spread of dry farming is in the regions where the average annual rainfall is less than 75 cm. In this area, rainfall is scanty and uncertain. Also it includes those areas where hot and dry conditions prevail.

In India, about 25% of total arable land is dry land. It is spreaded over greater parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat. There are small tracts of dry land farming in Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil ....

Answer : Institutional factors in agriculture include— Land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship. Land tenancy, Land tenure, ownership — these have their bearing on field size, field patterns, farming type, crop land use, crop dissociations and productivity of crops.

Land tenure and land tenancy

A number of land reform legislations have been passed by the central and state governments, but still there is enough scope to restore the rights of the actual tillers and landless labrourers as there are numerous ....

Answer : The 1962 Irrigation Commission defined a drought-prone area as one which receives less than 10 cm rainfall and even three-fourths of this is not received in 20 per cent or more of the years under consideration; or an area in which 30 per cent or less of the total cropped area is irrigated.

Erratic nature of the monsoon exhibiting late onset and early withdrawals at times, dry spells occurring during the rainy seasons and a highly ....

Answer : Green Revolution in India began in 1963 through the introduction of a high-yielding wheat crop variety by American agronomist Dr Norman Borlaug. However, the term Green Revolution applies to the period from 1967-when it was widely adopted by Indian farmers-to 1978, when it resulted in record grain output of 131 million tonnes, making India as one of the world’s biggest agricultural producers and a member of an elite club of nations exporting food grains. It ....

Answer : Objectives of Social Forestry:

1. Fuel wood supply to rural areas to ensure the use of cow dung which can be used as manure.
2. To increase production of fruits and thus add to the potential food resources for the country.
3. Supply of timber for rural housing and agricultural implements.
4. Supply of leaf fodder for cattle.
5. To help in creation of shelter belts around agricultural fields to increase their productivity.
6. Meeting the recreational needs of the rural ....

Answer : The soils develop by the process of laterization in which silica and alkali are leached down and remaining compounds rich in oxides of iron and aluminum form the soil. The soil is compact to vesicular rock essentially composed of a mixture of hydrated oxides of aluminum and iron with small amounts of oxides of manganese, titanium etc. The soil may be broken and transported by streams to lower levels and on deposition becomes cemented again ....

Answer : Agricultural productivity may be defined as the total agricultural output per unit of cultivated area, per agricultural worker or per unit of input in monetary values. These may be separately called ‘land productivity’, labour productivity and ‘capital productivity’.

Agricultural productivity is generally the result of a more efficient use of the factors of productivity, viz., environment, arable land, labour, capital and the like. It is in fact a relationship between the output and the major inputs ....

Answer : The western and central Himalayan regions embrace the entire Himalayan mountain area which includes from west to east, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and large parts of Uttarakhand. The winter and summer temperature is 4 degree and – 7 degree centigrade respectively. The higher reaches are perpetually under snow and ice. This type of climate allows for various types of fruits to be cultivated in these areas such as apples, oranges, mangoes, etc. Horticulture products ....

Answer : Various scholars have attempted to delineate major agricultural belts on the basis of climatic characteristics. Miss P Sengupta and Galina Sdasyuk have divided agricultural belt into meso regions and further subdivided on the basis of crop associations into 60 micro-level region. Major macro regions are demarcated into various belts like Himalayan belt, Dry Belt, Sub-humid belt, humid belt and western coast.

B.L.C. Johnson, on the basis of principal crops and crop associations, has demarcated 15 major ....

Answer : Development of an industry needs some basic elements in the form of raw material, capital and labor. Indian agro-industrial region uses the agricultural produce. Due to diversity in agri-produce, this agro-industrialization pattern varies across the country. The localized distribution of these industrial regions is as follows:

• Kolkata-Hugli Region: it is 100km long from Banswaria to Birla Nagar. It is based on Jute industry.
• Mumbai-Pune Region: it is spread on west coastal region. It has textile industry ....

Answer : Agricultural region is a region with uniformity in agri-land use and cropping pattern. Generally similarity is found in nature of crops grown, products and process and other agri-cultural activities.

This similarity is due to physical and climatic conditions and socio-cultural characteristics. A demarcation of agricultural region is mainly impacted by physical environment. Further sub-classification is based on cultural elements.

Many scholars have given their regionalization classification of Indian agriculture. Some of them are Stamp, Randhawa, Spate, R.N. ....

Answer : The phenomenal increase in milk production of the country has been termed as ‘White revolution’. The milk production which was almost stagnant between 1947 and 1970 with an annual growth rate of merely one percent has since registered a vigorous growth

rate of over 45 percent per annum. The milk production has increased to 85 million tonnes in 2002-03 from only 17 million tonnes in 1950-51 i.e. increase being 400%. India at present, is the ....