Industry

Answer : India was an industrially developed country before the advent of industrial revolution in Europe. But after the industrial revolution, Indian handicrafts and products of village industries could not compete with the factory products of Britain. And thus the household industries of the country gradually declined.

The important periods of industrialisation in India can be identified under the following headings:

Pre-Independence Industrial Development: The history of modern industrialisation in India started with the establishment of cotton textile mill ....

Answer : Mumbai is well known for being the pharma capital of India. Many factors have contributed to the concentration of pharma industries in western region.

One is the initial impact. Gujarat and Maharashtra are two states where industrial policies have been favorable for starting up pharmaceutical industries.

Moreover, strong research capabilities have resulted in over 30% of country’s plants being setup here.

Low cost, strong manufacturing base, well developed laboratory and Research and development infrastructure provides a strong resource ....

Answer : Traditional crafts industry provides employment to a large number of people. It especially holds a potential to employ women. But it is on the decline due to many reasons. One, Mass produced goods are replacing utility items of daily use made by craftspeople.

Second, public awareness of cost effectiveness, functionality and range of crafts produced is limited because they are being sold only in exclusive craft outlets.

Third, urban consumers, in spite of a growing awareness do ....

Answer : Mountains are an important ecosystem and have a significant role in economic development, environmental protection, ecological sustainability and human well-being. The diversity, abundance as well as uniqueness of the biodiversity components in various habitats in mountains retains the aesthetic beauty and serenity.

The Himalayas contain about 40 per cent of the world’s poor and tourism playsan important role in their livelihood. These mountains are considered as one of the youngest and geologically active mountains in the ....

Answer : The Indian cotton textiles industry has a complex three-tier structure:

1. Handspun and hand woven khadi sector.
2. Intermediate, labour intensive sector of handlooms and powerlooms.
3. Mill sector, which is large scale, capital intensive and sophisticated.

The bulk of the cotton cloth comes from handloom and powerloom sector. The cotton textiles industry in India is the single largest organised industry.

It gives employment to a large number of workers and supports a number of ancillary industries.
Partition had created problems for supply ....

Answer : The major Industrial clusters of India can be divided into 6 regions:

1. Mumbai-Pune Industrial region
2. Kolkata-Hugli Industrial region
3. Ahmedabad-Vadodara Industrial region
4. Madurai-Coimbatore-Bangalore Industrial region
5. The Chotanagpur Plateau Industrial region
6. Mathura-Delhi NCR region

Mumbai-Pune Industrial region: Growth of this region can be attributed to the historical development of cotton textile Industry in India. The natural port facilities provided the stimulant for the export of raw cotton. Absence of raw minerals like Coal was compensated by hydel power plants in the Western Ghats. The ....

Answer : Any Industrial product is the outcome of various factors which contribute to its manufacturing. For example, raw material, labour, location of production unit as well as consumption centre affects the location of industries. Hence, any distributional pattern of industries cannot be the basis for division of country into distinct industrial regions. For that matter, non geographical factors too determine the location of industries like capital, Government policies, industrial inertia, efficient organization, banking facilitiesand insurance etc. ....

Answer : Multinational corporations are those corporations which are registered in more than one country or have operations in more than one country. They play an important role in globalization of industries. Some of the ways in which they contribute are through:

• Expansion of technical knowledge across the domain,
• Expansion of competition and market,
• Trade (Import-Export),
• Setting up of production units and
• Cross-national movement of people and culture.

After the era of liberalization, privatization and globalization due to reforms in 1991, there has ....

Answer : Though era of LPG (Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization) should have immensely benefitted development process of India but it hasn’t occurred in such an optimistic manner.

There are various structural and procedural challenges that have imposed major constraints on the growth engine:

• Inclusive growth is yet to occur as there is wide inter-state disparity. While some states benefitted, others lagged behind.
• Skewed Industry in various sectors and lackadaisical approach of government policy to deal with them has not helped ....

Answer : Textile industry in India plays an important role. India has second place after China with production of 27% Yarn and 28% textiles. India exports a large portion of this textile.

First textile plant established in 1818 in Calcutta was unsuccessful. First successful mill was established in 1854 in Bombay by Kawasji. Shahpur mill was established in Ahmedabad in 1861 and India had 58 mills in 1863. World wars promoted this industry and they increased to 423 ....

Answer : Iron and steel industry uses large quantity of heavy and weight losing raw materials and its location is primarily controlled by the availability of raw materials. Coal and iron are the two basic raw materials used by iron and steel industry and on the basis of minimum transportation cost most of the steel plants in India are located at three distinct places (i) Near coalfields (ii) Near Iron ore mining centers and (iii) at places ....

Answer : Sugar industry is an important agro-based industry in the country. India is the largest producer of both sugarcane and sugar in the world. This industry provides employment to more than 4 lakh persons and a large number of farmers indirectly. Development of the sugar industry on modern lines started in 1903 in Bihar. The basic raw material is sugarcane. It is a weight losing raw material and cannot be stored for long time because it ....

Answer : India initiated comprehensive economic reforms, beginning in 1991, and the reforms included significant liberalization of the external control regime, opening up for increased imports and for foreign investments. The manufacturing industry has evolved, getting chiseled by India’s liberalizing trade and investment regimes on the one hand, and the structural readjustments from within (propelled mostly by the changes in global industry) on the other.

The ....

Answer : All the developed countries of the world have highly developed and diversified industrial sectors. India was an industrially developed country before the advent of industrial revolution in Europe. Indian Industry was integrated with its agriculture and house-hold industries were an integral part of the national economy.

Pre-Independence Industrial Development: The history of industrialisation in India started with the establishment of cotton textile mill in Mumbai in 1854. First jute mill was started at Risra. Coal mining ....

Answer : Liberalisation policy was adopted to bring about rapid and substantial improvement in the quality of life of the people of India, rapid growth in income levels, for full utilization of our material and human resources, making Indian industries globally competitive and effecient, coming of foreign technology and skill into Indian industries.

Most of the big industries in India before 1991 were public sector undertakings which were either raw material oriented or for backward area development. For ....

Answer : Industries are not distributed evenly in India, since the factors affecting the industrial location are not the same everywhere. Industries tend to concentrate in few pockets due to certain favourable factors. The pockets having high concentration of industries are known as Industrial Regions.

In India, the industrial development on modern scientific lines is of very recent origin. It is after independence through Five Years Plans that emphasis was placed on the development of heavy and basic ....

Answer : The process of smelting iron for making iron was know to early settlers, as high grade iron are occurs in many localities. The wrought iron pillar at Delhi is more than 1500 years old. The famous wooly steel produced in India used to be exported to the Middle East during the medieval periods for making Damascus blades.

Growth: An attempt at making iron and steel was begun at Porto Novo In Tamil Nadu in 1830. During ....

Answer : Cement Industry: Cement is an essential item of modern development due to its indispensability for building and construction work. So much so that its production and consumption may be used as an index of country's progress. This is a basic industry, making an important contribution to the development of other factory based industry, to the construction industry and even to the development of agriculture. Presently cement is one of the most advanced industries in the ....

Answer : In the absence of minerals in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, it is natural that the leading industries should be based on agricultural raw materials. As agricultural crops are almost evenly distributed in this region, industries based on them are generally dispersed, especially sugar, oil mills and rice milling. Cotton and jute textiles, however, tend to cluster in a few towns.

Manufacture of canesugar is the principal industry of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The successful attempts of ....

Answer : In India, fertilizer industry has its own importance. This is the second important industry of the country after the iron and steel in terms of investment and value of manufactured product. India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilizers and seventh largest producer of phosphate fertilizers in the world.

The fertilizer industry of India has following characteristics:

1. In India fertilizer industry is basically raw material oriented.
2. Though India has increased the fertilizer production during the five year ....

Answer : The industrial estates programme was started in 1955 following the recommendation of the Small-Scale Industries Board with a view to promote industrialization in the backward areas. Twelve estates were sanctioned at that time, ten of which were entrusted to the State Governments while the development of two estates (one in Naini and other at Okhla) was under the National Small Scale Industries Corporation.

The principal objectives of the programme, varying to some degree with time and ....

Answer : Cotton Textile Industry: Cotton textile industry is the largest organised and broad-based modern industry of India, contributing about 4% of GDP, 20% of manufacturing value added and one-third of total export earnings. About 16% of the industrial capital and over 20 per cent of the industrial labour of the country is engaged in this industry.

The origin of cotton textile industry dates back to 1818 when the first cotton textile mill was established at Fort Gloster ....

Answer : Forests provide us with different types of materials which are used as raw materials for certain industries. Those industries which use forest products are raw materials are called forest based industries. Paper, match, lac, sports goods, plywood, etc. are such industries.

Paper Industry: Paper, a uniquely useful product, preserves information and propagates thoughts. Although the art of paper making was prevalent as a cottage industry during the Medieval period but the first paper mill on modern ....

Answer : A major shift in the industrial policy was made by the Congress (I) Government led by Mr. Narsimha Rao in July 1991. The main aim of this policy was to unshackle the country's industrial economy from the cobwebs of unnecessary bureaucratic control, introduce liberalisation with a view to integrate the Indian economy with the world economy, to remove restrictions on foreign direct investment and also to free the domestic entrepreneur from the restrictions of MRTP ....