US and Australia Sign Critical Minerals Deal

On 20th October 2025, the United States and Australia signed a major agreement aimed at boosting the supply and processing of rare earths and other critical minerals, in a bid to reduce dependence on China.

Background

  • China’s Dominance: China currently controls about 70% of global rare earth mining and 90% of processing capacity.
  • Strategic Importance: Critical minerals are essential for defence systems, semiconductors, and electric vehicles.
  • Vulnerability: US firms depend heavily on Chinese processing, making supply chains fragile amid escalating trade tensions and tariffs.

Key Features of the Deal

  • Investment Pipeline: Supports $8.5 billion (A$13 billion; £6.3 billion) in “ready-to-go” Australian mining ....
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