Origin and Characteristics of Major River Systems

India’s drainage system reflects a long geological evolution influenced by tectonic movements, climatic variations, and relief features. The rivers are broadly classified into two systems: Himalayan Rivers and Peninsular Rivers, differing in origin, flow characteristics, and geomorphic behaviour. Together, they form an integrated network that supports agriculture, ecology, hydropower, and socio-economic life across the subcontinent.

Himalayan River System

Origin and Geological Background

  • The Himalayan Rivers originate from snow-covered mountain ranges and glaciers in the Himalayas, making them perennial in nature.
  • Their evolution is closely linked to the Himalayan orogeny and the uplift of the Tethys geosyncline about 50–60 million years ....
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Geography Of India