AI Index 2025

Public vs. Industry in Frontier AI Development

  • Industry Dominance
    • Nearly 90% of notable AI models originated from industry in 2024 (up from 60% in 2023)
    • Only 1 model came from industry–government collaboration in 2024; 55 models from industry alone
  • Public Investment in AI (2023)
    • U.S.: $831 million (highest)
    • U.K.: $49.55 million
    • Germany: $10.48 million
    • Sweden: $830.98 million
  • Compute & Scaling Trends
    • Training compute for notable AI models doubling every 5 months
    • Dataset sizes for training LLMs doubling every 8 months
    • Power required for training doubling annually

Performance Gains & Evaluation Challenges

  • Narrowing Leaderboard Gaps
    • Top vs. 10th-ranked model gap shrank from 11.9% → 5.4% (2023–2024)
  • Open vs. Closed Models
    • Performance gap narrowed to ....
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