United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

UNFCCC was adopted in 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit and entered into force in 1994.

• It provides the global framework for climate negotiations, with near-universal membership (197 Parties).
• It led to key agreements like the Kyoto Protocol (1997) and Paris Agreement (2015).
• Its objective is to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent dangerous climate change.
• COP29 and COP30 negotiations are focusing on climate finance commitments, especially the goal of mobilising $100 billion annually and beyond.
• Developing countries, including India, are demanding equity, climate justice, and enhanced financial support for mitigation and adaptation. ....