ICJ Declares Climate-Harming Government Actions as Illegal

On 23rd July 2025, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued its first-ever advisory opinion on climate change, stating that government actions contributing to climate change are illegal under international law and must stop immediately.

Key Points

Historic Advisory Opinion: The ICJ ruled that states must reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect the climate system for current and future generations.
Legal Consequences: States breaching obligations must stop harmful actions, provide assurances, and offer reparations if damage is proven.
Responsibility of Developed Nations: Annex I countries under UNFCCC must take the lead in reducing emissions, reaffirming historical responsibility.
Support for Vulnerable Nations: The ruling strengthens claims from countries like India and others in South Asia suffering from climate impacts.
Strengthens Global Treaties: The court reinforced commitments under the UNFCCC, Paris Agreement, Montreal Protocol, and other environmental treaties.
Human Rights Link: Climate action is essential to protecting fundamental human rights under international law.
Moral & Legal Impact: Though advisory, the opinion holds strong legal and moral authority for climate litigation and policy worldwide.