Current Affairs - International

Recently, China has unveiled its official "standard map," asserting territorial claims over Arunachal Pradesh, Aksai Chin, Taiwan, and the South China Sea, a move that has drawn strong reactions from India and other nations.

Key Points:

• Strong Indian Reaction: India's Foreign Minister criticized China's act of releasing the map, referring to it as "absurd claims" that would not alter the status of these territories.
• India lodged a strong protest against China's map.
• India's External Affairs Ministry Spokesperson reiterated that Arunachal Pradesh is an integral part of India and dismissed China's claims.
• Previous Incidents: This incident follows earlier attempts by China in April to rename 11 places in Arunachal Pradesh, which were similarly rejected by India.
• BRICS Summit Interaction: Last week, during the 15th BRICS Summit in Johannesburg, Indian Prime Minister and the Chinese President had a brief interaction where they discussed "unresolved issues" along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and agreed to work towards early disengagement and de-escalation.
• Standoff Situation: India and China have been in a standoff for the past three years, with deteriorating relations due to tensions along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
• The two nations have held 19 rounds of talks to address boundary issues in eastern Ladakh since 2020.

Basis of Chinese Claims on Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh

• Tibetan Claims Leading to Chinese Assertions: The Chinese claims over Aksai Chin, Ladakh, and Arunachal Pradesh are deeply rooted in Tibet's historical claims. China argues that if Tibet is an integral part of China, any territorial demands made by Tibet over these regions are inherently China's claims.
• Tibetan Claims Post-Independence: In 1959, India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, revealed to the Lok Sabha (Indian Parliament) that shortly after India's independence in 1947, the Tibetan government had put forward territorial claims.
• China's Perspective on Ladakh and Arunachal: China's stance on Ladakh is centered on the belief that it forms an integral part of the western region of Tibet. In the case of Arunachal Pradesh, China considers it part of southern Tibet. The key to this claim lies in the Tawang monastery, a significant Buddhist institution located in Arunachal Pradesh.
• Tawang Monastery and Historical Influence: From a broader Tibetan viewpoint, the Tawang monastery is regarded as an indispensable element of the Tibetan Gelug theocratic institution. Consequently, it is argued that Tawang should remain closely linked to Tibet. Historical records suggest that Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, continued to wield both spiritual and temporal authority over Monyul (Tawang).
• British India's ability to enforce the Simla Convention in the region remained limited until 1938, as documented by Phunchok Stobdan in his book "The Great Game in the Buddhist Himalayas: India and China's Quest for Strategic Dominance."

Territorial Claims and Disputes: A Comprehensive Overview

• Bhutan: China's territorial claims on Bhutan have expanded beyond the 2017 standoff in Doklam Plateau.
• Nepal: China's territorial disputes with Nepal trace back to the Sino-Nepal War in 1788-1792, during which Beijing asserted that these regions were part of Tibet and, by extension, China.
• The Yellow Sea and the East China Sea: China faces Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) disputes with North and South Korea in the Yellow Sea and with South Korea and Japan in the East China Sea. Additionally, it claims the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands of Japan in the East China Sea.
• South China Sea: China asserts ownership of nearly the entire South China Sea, citing "historic rights." This region is vital for maritime trade, handling annual trade worth $3.5 trillion. Multiple disputes over islands, boundaries, and waters involve Taiwan, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, and Vietnam.
• Koreas: China claims the entire Korean peninsula due to historical ties, dating back to the Yuan Dynasty. Tensions also exist over the Baekdu Mountain.
• Russia: Despite agreements, China unilaterally asserts control over 160,000 sq km of Russia's territory, particularly in Far East Russia, which is rich in resources. Recent controversies arose over Vladivostok's history, with some claiming it belonged to China during the Qing Dynasty.
• Tajikistan, Laos, Cambodia, and Mongolia: Historical Precedents: China cites historic precedents, particularly under the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, to claim parts of Tajikistan, most of Laos, segments of Cambodia, and all of Mongolia.
• Tibet: An Ongoing Controversy: China claims Tibet as part of its sovereign territory, referencing its rule during the Yuan Dynasty. Modern Tibet is divided, with the Tibet Autonomous Region under direct Chinese control.

On 30^th August, Australian PM announced that Australia will hold a referendum on October 14 to decide on the creation of an Indigenous Voice to Parliament, marking the nation's first referendum in a generation.

Key Points:

• Referendum Announcement: This sparks a six-week campaigning period for both supporters and opponents of the Indigenous Voice.
• Purpose of the Referendum: The referendum aims to constitutionally establish an Indigenous Voice to Parliament, a group of advocates representing the nation's most disadvantaged ethnic minority, with the goal of providing them with more influence over government policies.
• Campaign for "Yes": Australian Prime Minister encouraged people to vote "yes" in the referendum, citing polls showing over 80% of Indigenous Australians intended to do so.
• He emphasized that a "no" vote would mean no change and urged support for constitutional recognition.
• Long Gap Since Referendum: Australia has not held a referendum since 1999, and the last successful referendum was in 1977. Referendums in Australia require bipartisan support, and the major parties remain divided over the Indigenous Voice.
• Proponents' Arguments: Supporters argue that involving Indigenous people in policies affecting their lives could reduce disadvantages they face.
• Indigenous Australians, who make up 3.8% of the population, have a significantly shorter life expectancy than the wider population.
• No Right of Veto: Proponents clarify that the Voice would not grant Indigenous people a veto over government policies, and lawmakers would still have the freedom to disregard its recommendations.
• Opponents' Concerns: Opponents express concerns that the Voice's constitutional powers could lead to legal uncertainty. They also argue that it would create division along racial lines and be a significant change in Australia's democracy.

On 29^th August, NITI Aayog and UNDP India solidified their shared commitment to expedite progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by signing a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU).

This MoU establishes a framework for cooperation on various fronts, including SDG localization, data-driven monitoring, Aspirational Districts and Blocks, and more.

Key Points:

• Shared Vision: NITI Aayog CEO expressed optimism about the partnership's potential to drive data-driven policy interventions and programmatic actions.
• UNDP's Commitment: UNDP also pledged to assist NITI Aayog's efforts related to women's livelihoods, innovation, and Mission LiFE.
• Duration: The MoU spans a period of five years. NITI Aayog leads the coordination of SDG adoption and monitoring at the national and sub-national levels, while UNDP takes on the role of integrating efforts to accelerate SDG progress within the UN system.

On 28^th August, India and Bangladesh reaffirmed their dedication to enhancing defence cooperation during the fifth annual defence dialogue held in Dhaka.

Key Points:

• High-Level Dialogue: The meeting was co-chaired by India's Defence Secretary and his Bangladeshi counterpart Principal Staff Officer, Armed Forces Division.
• Institutionalized Interaction: The dialogue serves as the most significant institutionalized interactive platform between India and Bangladesh. Both nations emphasized its pivotal role in shaping the future trajectory of their armed forces' relations.
• Review of Defence Cooperation: The ongoing defence cooperation initiatives between India and Bangladesh were thoroughly assessed during the meeting. Both sides expressed contentment with the growing extent of defence cooperation activities.
• Enhancing Bilateral Exercises: The discussions encompassed the existing bilateral exercises, with both nations agreeing to elevate the complexity of these exercises.
• Positive Outlook: The continued pursuit of bilateral cooperation in various domains by the armed forces of India and Bangladesh reflects a positive outlook for the future relations between the two countries.

On 29^th August, the governments of India and New Zealand have sealed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) aimed at bolstering cooperation in civil aviation.

Key Points

• The MoU covers multiple facets of collaboration, including the introduction of new routes, code sharing services, traffic rights, and capacity entitlement.
• Enhanced Air Services: The MoU outlines provisions enabling designated airlines from New Zealand to operate an unlimited number of services using various aircraft types.
• Additionally, it grants third and fourth freedom traffic rights to and from six major Indian cities: New Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, and Kolkata.
• Continuing Cooperation: The MoU builds upon the Air Services Agreement signed by both countries on May 1, 2016, in Auckland.
• The governments of India and New Zealand reviewed existing arrangements to further enhance air service connections.
• Extensive Freedom Rights: The MoU affords significant freedom rights to designated airlines from both countries. It permits operations of all-cargo services with diverse aircraft types, featuring third, fourth, and fifth freedom traffic rights.
• These rights encompass routes via intermediate points and extend to beyond points, irrespective of the Route Schedule.

On 29^th August, Goa Shipyard Limited and Kenya Shipyard Limited have entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for mutual capacity building and cooperation in ship design and construction.

Key Points

• Evolution of Defense Relationship: India’s Defence Minister and Kenyan Cabinet Secretary for Defence recognized the evolving defense relationship between the two countries, moving beyond training-focused collaboration to strategic aspects.
• Maritime Security Focus: The Ministers emphasized the importance of deeper cooperation in ensuring maritime security in the Indian Ocean region.
• Defence Industry Cooperation: The discussions included cooperation in the defense industry and equipment. Kenyan Cabinet Secretary Aden Bare Duale acknowledged the expertise of the Indian defense industry, suggesting areas where Indian industry could support Kenyan force requirements.
• Training and Collaboration: The Cabinet Secretary proposed a 'training of trainers' program, where Kenyan forces' instructors would receive training from Indian armed forces instructors, ensuring continuity and enhanced program benefits.
• Joint Training: Both sides agreed to collaborate on joint training initiatives, including counter-insurgency and UN peacekeeping domains.
• Regional Security Issues: The meeting covered various regional security issues of mutual interest, facilitating a comprehensive discussion on security challenges.

Recently, it has been observed that Murmansk, known as the capital of the Arctic and the starting point of the Northern Sea Route (NSR), is seeing a surge in Indian participation in cargo traffic.

Key Points

• India Cargo Traffic: India accounted for 35% of the eight million tonnes of cargo handled by the Murmansk port in the first seven months of 2023.
• Northern Sea Route Explained: The NSR, a shorter shipping route between Europe and Asia-Pacific, traverses the Arctic Ocean.
• Notably, it can cut distances by up to 50% compared to Suez or Panama routes.
• Russia's Role in NSR Development: Russia, with its nuclear-powered icebreaker fleet, ensures safe navigation in the icebound Arctic.
• Cargo traffic along the NSR is rising, driven by India's energy imports from Russia, geographical advantage, and transit route prospects.

Understanding the Northern Sea Route (NSR)

• Definition of the NSR: The NSR is the quickest maritime path connecting Europe and the Asia-Pacific region, spanning 5,600 km and traversing four Arctic Ocean seas. It originates at the boundary of the Barents and Kara seas (Kara Strait) and terminates at the Bering Strait (Provideniya Bay).
• Advantages of the NSR: The NSR presents the potential for cutting shipping distances by up to 50% compared to established routes via the Suez or Panama Canals.

India's Involvement in Arctic Affairs

• Genesis of Engagement: India's association with the Arctic began in 1920 with the signing of the Svalbard Treaty, involving multiple nations including Norway, the US, and Denmark. Subsequently, India has diligently tracked developments in the Arctic region.
• Arctic Research Initiative: India's Arctic research program, initiated in 2007, concentrated on studying climate change. Objectives encompassed investigating links between Arctic climate and the Indian monsoon, analyzing sea ice using satellite data, and assessing global warming implications.
• Establishment of Himadri: In 2008, India set up the research station Himadri in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard.
• Observer Status in the Arctic Council: India became an observer state of the Arctic Council in May 2013, standing alongside countries like China.
• Scientific Advancements: India launched a multi-sensor moored observatory and an atmospheric laboratory in 2014 and 2016 respectively.
• Arctic Expeditions: Thirteen successful expeditions to the Arctic were carried out until the previous year.

Arctic's Importance to India

• Climate Sensitivity: The Arctic's vulnerability to climate change could impact India's water and economic security.
• Abundant Resources: The region hosts untapped hydrocarbon reserves and valuable minerals, contributing to India's resource requirements.
• Economic Progress: India's Arctic pursuits align with UN Sustainable Development Goals, fostering economic growth.
• Historical Connection: Dating back to the Svalbard Treaty, India's historical engagement continues through ongoing scientific endeavors and participation in the Arctic Council.
• Trade and Connectivity: India's sea-dependent trade could benefit from the Arctic's Northern Sea Route (NSR), potentially reducing transit times.
• Global Influence and Environmental Responsibility: Engaging in Arctic affairs positions India as a global stakeholder, enabling contributions to climate change and resource management dialogues.

Recently, in a momentous Prime Ministerial visit to Greece after four decades, Indian Prime Minister and Greek PM have ushered in a new era of collaboration.

Key Points

• Elevation to Strategic Partnership: During bilateral talks in Athens, Indian Prime Minister emphasized the enduring warmth and depth of relations between the two countries despite the extended gap. Both leaders agreed to elevate the India-Greece partnership to a 'strategic' level.
• They are poised to expand cooperation across sectors including defence and security, infrastructure, agriculture, education, emerging technologies, and skill development.
• Common Goals amid Global Challenges: Both leaders expressed readiness to confront international challenges together, emphasizing adherence to the UN Charter amid global turmoil and conflicts, including the Ukraine crisis.
• Diverse Areas of Cooperation: The two leaders resolved to strengthen defence industrial collaboration, enhance maritime security, and foster compliance with the Convention on the Law of the Sea.
• Future Prospects: As a natural progression of ties, a migration and mobility partnership agreement is set to be inked, facilitating skilled migration between India and Greece.
• Defence and Security Enhancement: Recognizing the importance of bolstering defence industries and military-to-military ties, both sides expressed a joint dedication to enhancing their defence and security cooperation.

Recently, in a move to enhance India-Iran trade ties, both sides decided to eliminate the arbitration clause for foreign courts pertaining to the Chabahar port.

Key Points

• Bypassing Commercial Arbitration: To expedite matters at the Chabahar port, Iran and India have chosen to bypass commercial arbitration in foreign courts.Instead, they will engage in investment arbitration or other alternative modes of dispute resolution.
• Investment Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution: This approach prevents Iran from the need to modify its constitution.
• Both parties have opted for arbitration following the guidelines set forth by the UN Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), a preference India holds over alternative international trade arbitration mechanisms.
• UNCITRAL's Guiding Role in Arbitration: A protracted agreement between India and Iran regarding Chabahar holds the promise of heightened predictability, instilling confidence among stakeholders regarding the port's viability situated on Iran's southeastern coast.
• China's Growing Interest in Iranian Ports: This move is being interpreted as India's strategic maneuver to stay ahead of China, which has exhibited increasing interest in Iranian ports and infrastructure ventures.
• Beneficial Impact on Russia's Sanctions: The resolution of the Chabahar issue not only benefits India and Iran but also offers relief to Russia, currently facing sanctions.
• Russia's Access to Indian Ocean via Transport Corridor: Russia seeks access to the Indian Ocean region through the International North South Transport Corridor, a trade route spanning 13 countries and transiting through Chabahar.
• Positive Implications for Regional Dynamics: This joint decision not only advance the cooperation between India and Iran but also positively impacts broader regional dynamics.

On 24^th August, the BRICS group, comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, extended invitation to six additional countries during its Johannesburg summit.

Key Points

• The Six New Countries: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Ethiopia, Egypt, Argentina, and the United Arab Emirates will join the grouping as new members on 1^st January, 2024.
• Strengthening Global South Representation: With the new members, it will represent nearly half the world's population, including major oil producers like Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Iran.
• Rationale behind New Members: The expansion of BRICS is driven by two factors: the desire for a platform to express anti-US sentiment and the aspiration for multipolarity, enabling Global South nations to showcase solidarity.
• Challenging Geopolitical Landscape: While the economic performance of BRICS has varied, geopolitical dynamics, like the Ukraine conflict and the China-Russia partnership, have propelled the alliance as a counterbalance to Western-centric forums such as the Group of 7 and the World Bank.
• China's Role in Expansion: The invitation of new members signals China's objective to establish BRICS as an influential and diverse alliance.
• Iran's Noteworthy Inclusion: The inclusion of Iran, Saudi Arabia, and regional rivals in the same group highlights China-Russia's influence.
• China's role in brokering peace between Saudi Arabia and Iran, coupled with its oil trade with Saudi Arabia, demonstrates China's sway.
• Implications for India: India's participation in both the G7 summit and the BRICS expansion demonstrates its nuanced foreign policy approach.
• While China desires BRICS to be anti-western, India seeks to maintain it as a non-western entity.
• Diverse Interests of New Members: Among the new members, India values partnerships with all, yet concerns arise about the potential for BRICS to become more pro-China, potentially marginalizing India's interests and voice.

About BRICS

• BRICS Overview: BRICS, established in 2009 and headquartered in Shanghai, is an acronym representing a coalition of the world's prominent emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (which joined in 2010).
• Origin and Coinage of "BRIC": The term "BRIC" was introduced by British Economist Jim O'Neill in 2001 to categorize the emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China.
• BRICS Composition: BRICS unites five influential developing nations, encompassing 41% of the global population, 24% of the worldwide GDP, and 16% of global trade. It is projected that by 2028, BRICS will constitute 35% of the global economy.
• Rotational Chairmanship: The leadership of BRICS rotates annually among its members in accordance with the acronym B-R-I-C-S. Presently, South Africa holds the chairmanship for the year 2023.

Key BRICS Initiatives

• New Development Bank (NDB): The establishment of NDB facilitates funding for infrastructure and sustainable development projects.
• Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): CRA provides financial support to member countries during economic crises.
• BRICS Payment System: This system aims to facilitate cross-border transactions and reduce reliance on external payment mechanisms.
• Customs Agreements: Collaborative efforts to enhance trade facilitation and eliminate trade barriers.
• Remote Sensing Satellite: The initiative involves the development and launch of a remote sensing satellite for earth observation and resource management.

Challenges Faced by BRICS

• Encountering Multifaceted Issues: BRICS has encountered a series of challenges, marked by conflicts like China's assertiveness in eastern Ladakh, causing India-China relations to reach a historic low.
• The strained relations between China and Russia with Western nations, along with internal struggles in Brazil and South Africa, further compound the challenges.
• Diverse Composition: Critics highlight the heterogeneity of BRICS nations as a potential threat to the group's sustainability due to varying interests among its diverse member countries.
• China's Dominance and Trade Imbalance: A prevailing perception is that the group's members engage in more trade with China than with each other, leading to concerns that BRICS could be manipulated to serve China's interests.
• Revamping Global Governance: Amidst global slowdown, trade conflicts, and protectionist tendencies, BRICS faces the critical task of shaping a new global governance model.
• Efficacy and Regional Support: While BRICS has achieved some successes, there are limitations. China's economic ascent has caused an internal imbalance within the group.
• Moreover, BRICS has not effectively mobilized support from the Global South to advance its agenda.