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Trypanosoma Cruzi

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Trypanosoma Cruzi

Which of the following tropical disease is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma Cruzi?

	A	Chagas disease

	B	African trypanosomiasis

	C	Leishmaniasis

	D	Both A and C

Your Ans is

Right ans is A

Your Answer Is Correct

Your Answer Is Wrong

Explanation :

Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protist Trypanosoma cruzi.
It is spread mostly by insects known as Triatominae, or "kissing bugs".
In the early stage, symptoms may include fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches, or swelling at the site of the bite.

Mainly because of the increased population mobility in the last decades, most infected people live in urban settings (urbanization) and the disease has been increasingly detected in the United States of America, Canada, and many European and some African, Eastern Mediterranean and Western Pacific countries.

Related Question

Sleeping Sickness (African Trypanosomiasis)

Recently, which of the following countries became first in Africa to eliminate sleeping sickness disease?

	A	The Democratic Republic of Congo

	B	Togo

	C	Niger

	D	Cameroon

Your Ans is

Right ans is B

Your Answer Is Correct

Your Answer Is Wrong

Explanation :

Togo has become the first African country to eliminate sleeping sickness as a public health problem.
According to the WHO, sleeping sickness is currently found in 36 sub-Saharan African countries.

Sleeping Sickness(African Trypanosomiasis)

It is caused by infection with the protozoa Trypanosoma brucei.
African trypanosomiasis is transmitted to humans by bites of tsetse fly (found only in rural Africa).
Early symptoms include fever, headaches, joint pains and itching.
Later stages may include behavioral changes, confusion and poor coordination.
Treatment involves drugs to kill the parasites.

Togo

Togo is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north.
The country extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its capital Lome is located.
It is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation, whose economy depends highly on agriculture, with a climate that provides good growing seasons.

Measles And Rubella Free Countries

Recently, World Health Organization (WHO) has declared two countries free of measles and rubella diseases. Choose the mentioned two countries from the options given below:

	A	Sri Lanka and Maldives

	B	Bangladesh and Maldives

	C	India and Bangladesh

	D	Sri Lanka and India

Your Ans is

Right ans is A

Your Answer Is Correct

Your Answer Is Wrong

Explanation :

The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared that measles and rubella have been eradicated from Sri Lanka and the Maldives.
This makes them the first two countries in WHO South-East Asia Region to achieve measles and rubella elimination ahead of the 2023 target.
Maldives reported last endemic case of measles in 2009 and of rubella in October 2015, while Sri Lanka reported last endemic case of measles in May 2016 and of rubella in March 2017.
Member countries of WHO South-East Asia Region had set 2023 as target for elimination of measles and rubella, revising the goal of the flagship programme that since 2014 had focused on measles elimination and rubella control.
Bhutan, North Korea and East Timor were also declared to be measles-free.

Hantavirus

Consider the following statements with reference to the Hantavirus:

The hantaviruses are a family of viruses that spread in rodents and to humans from rodents.
Hantaviruses belong to the order called Bunyavirales and have 12 families.

Choose the correct answer from the codes given below:

	A	Only 1

	B	Only 2

	C	Both 1 and 2

	D	Neither 1 nor 2

Your Ans is

Right ans is C

Your Answer Is Correct

Your Answer Is Wrong

Explanation :

Hantaviruses are a family of viruses spread mainly by rodents and can cause varied disease syndromes in people worldwide.
The virus is named after the Hantan River area in South Korea, where one of the early strains of the virus was isolated in the 70s.
They are also an RNA virus just like SARS-CoV-2 (the novel coronavirus).
These belong to the order called Bunyavirales and have 12 families.
The virus is transmitted by rodent excreta, saliva and sometimes, infected rodent bites.
There are different kinds of illnesses caused by different hantaviruses, and they affect either the blood vessels or the lungs.
Hantaviruses in the Americas are known as “New World” hantaviruses and may cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS).
Other hantaviruses, known as “Old World” hantaviruses, are found mostly in Europe and Asia and may cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS).
In HPS, there are muscle aches, fever, fatigue accompanied by breathing difficulties later. The most damage is observed in the lung, spleen and gall bladder.

In HFRS, the membrane of blood vessels becomes more permeable and there is a drop in blood pressure.

H1N1 Virus

Consider the following statements:

H1N1 virus is a subtype of influenza B virus that is the most common cause of human influenza.
It is an orthomyxovirus that contains the glycoproteins haemagglutinin and neuraminidase.

Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?

	A	Only 1

	B	Both 1 and 2

	C	Only 2

	D	Neither 1 nor 2

Your Ans is

Right ans is C

Your Answer Is Correct

Your Answer Is Wrong

Explanation :

Also called as pig influenza, swine flu, hog flu and pig flu, H1N1 is a subtype of influenza A virus (a communicable viral disease), which causes upper, and potentially, lower respiratory tract infections in the host it infects.
Symptoms of H1N1 includes fever, chills and sore throat; and is similar to seasonal influenza but has been characterised by higher fatality rates among healthy young adults and higher incidence of viral pneumonia.
It spreads from person to person, either by touching the affected person or inhaling.
The first outbreak of H1N1 was witnessed by the world in 2009 and soon declared as ‘Pandemic’ by the World Health Organisation.

Postpartum Haemorrhage

Consider the following statements with reference to the Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH):

Postpartum haemorrhage is defined as a blood loss of 500 ml or more within 24 hours after birth.
PPH is the leading cause of maternal mortality in low-income countries, and the primary cause of nearly one quarter of all maternal deaths globally.

Choose the correct answer from the codes given below:

	A	Only 1

	B	Only 2

	C	Both 1 and 2

	D	Neither 1 nor 2

Your Ans is

Right ans is C

Your Answer Is Correct

Your Answer Is Wrong

Explanation :

Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is a complication of delivery and the most common cause of maternal death, accounting for about 35% of all maternal deaths worldwide.
PPH is commonly defined as a blood loss of 500 ml or more within 24 hours after birth, while severe PPH is defined as a blood loss of 1000 ml or more within the same time frame according to World Health Organisation (WHO).
It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality with in the first 24 hours following delivery and this is regarded as primary PPH: whereas any excessive bleeding from the birth canal occurring between 24 hours and 12 weeks postnatally (after delivery) is termed as secondary PPH.

Causes

Uterine atony
Genital trauma
Coagulation problem

Treatment

The treatment of patients with PPH has 2 major components: (1) resuscitation and management of obstetric hemorrhage and, possibly, hypovolemic shock and (2) identification and management of the underlying causes of the hemorrhage.

Alzheimer’s Disease

Recently, China approved the world’s first multi-targeting and carbohydrate-based drug GV-971 for Alzheimer’s disease. Consider the following statements about the Alzheimer’s Disease:

Alzheimer's is the most common cause of Anterograde amnesia, a general term for memory loss and other cognitive abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life.
The disease course is divided into four stages-with a progressive pattern of cognitive and functional impairment.
The possibility of Alzheimer’s increases as the age of the population increases.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Choose the correct answer from the codes given below:

	A	1 and 2

	B	2 and 3

	C	1 and 3

	D	1, 2 and 3

Your Ans is

Right ans is B

Your Answer Is Correct

Your Answer Is Wrong

Explanation :

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and dies. It is named after Alois Alzheimer.
The disease course is divided into four stages, with a progressive pattern of cognitive and functional impairment.
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia - a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that disrupts a person's ability to function independently.
The first symptoms of Alzheimer’s vary from person to person. The possibility of Alzheimer’s increases as the age of the population increases.
Current Alzheimer's disease medications may temporarily improve symptoms or slow the rate of decline. These treatments can sometimes help people with Alzheimer's disease maximize function and maintain independence for a time.

Elimination Of Infectious Childhood Killer Diseases

Recently, the member-countries of the World Health Organisation (WHO) South-East Asia Region have resolved to eliminate highly infectious childhood two killer diseases at the 72^nd session of the WHO Regional Committee for South-East Asia in Delhi. What are those two diseases?

	A	Rubella and Herpes

	B	Measles and Roseola

	C	Measles and Rubella

	D	None of the above

Your Ans is

Right ans is C

Your Answer Is Correct

Your Answer Is Wrong

Explanation :

The member countries of the World Health Organisation (WHO) from the South-East AsianRegion have resolved to eliminate two diseases-Measles and Rubella by 2023.
The target to eliminate both the diseases will leverage the existing momentum and a strong political commitment, which is being demonstrated through unprecedented efforts, progress and successes in recent years.
Five countries in the South-East Asia region - Bhutan, DPR Korea, Maldives, Sri Lanka and Timor-Leste have eliminated measles, but India continues to grapple with 39,299 cases, ranking fourth among 194 countries in the number of measles cases registered between July 2018 and June 2019.
Currently, six countries have controlled rubella - Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Timor-Leste.

Rubella

Also known as German measles.
It is a contagious disease that occurs most often in children and young adults.
In pregnant women it causes congenital defects known as Congenital Rubella Syndromewhich in causes irreversible birth defect.

Measles

It is a highly contagious viral disease particularly dangerous for poor children as it attacks and reduced immunity.
It can cause serious complications, including blindness, encephalitis, severe diarrhoea, ear infection and

Source: Civil Services Chronicle Online

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